Table 2.

Measurement of surface roughness by atomic force microscopy

Group	Ra	RMS
PT	32.60 ± 3.45 nm	41.70 ± 3.96 nm
NT	4.96 ± 0.50 nm*	6.23 ± 0.80 nm*
NT-F-L	7.25 ± 0.97 nm*	9.14 ± 1.25 nm*
NT-F-M	9.70 ± 1.85 nm*	11.80 ± 2.21 nm*
NT-F-H	9.42 ± 1.99 nm*	11.79 ± 2.35 nm*

Notes:

^*Lower R_a and RMS compared with PT (P < 0.01). Anodization significantly smoothed titanium surface, whereas surface roughness was barely affected by FGF2 immobilization.

Abbreviations: FGF2, fibroblast growth factor 2; NT, nanotube; PT, polished titanium; R_a, average roughness, RMS, root mean square roughness.