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Injury response. When a wound occurs DAMPs promote production of TNF-α (b), an initially viable penumbra (yellow in (c)) of cells becomes EPOR active. These cells are in danger of death which can result in the spread of injury as seen on the left in (d) and (e). However, EPO can counteract the effects of TNF-α and prevent spread of the lesion (d∗) and (e∗).
