Table 2.
Association of comorbidities in patients with chronic migraine (CM) versus other migraine and non-migraine population
| Comorbidity | No. of comorbidities | Cases with CM versus other migraine | No. of comorbidities | Cases with CM versus non-migraine population | Cases with other migraine versus non-migraine population | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases with CM | Cases with other migraine | Adjusted RR | 95 % CI | P value | Cases with CM | Non-migraineurs | Adjusted RR | 95 % CI | P value | Adjusted RR | 95 % CI | P value | |||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||||||||
| 681 | 2,226 | 948 | 3,790 | ||||||||||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | |||||||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 115 | 16.89 | 294 | 13.21 | 1.24 | (0.99–1.55) | 0.064 | 173 | 18.25 | 462 | 12.19 | 1.64 | (1.35–1.99) | <0.0001 | 1.17 | (1.02–1.35) | 0.022 |
| Diabetes | 32 | 4.7 | 95 | 4.27 | 1.08 | (0.75–1.56) | 0.684 | 42 | 4.43 | 199 | 5.25 | 0.85 | (0.62–1.18) | 0.334 | 0.98 | (0.79–1.22) | 0.863 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 67 | 9.84 | 160 | 7.19 | 1.32 | (1.01–1.72) | 0.041 | 88 | 9.28 | 177 | 4.67 | 1.84 | (1.45–2.32) | <0.0001 | 1.30 | (1.10–1.53) | 0.002 |
| Heart disease | 57 | 8.37 | 148 | 6.65 | 1.18 | (0.89–1.58) | 0.252 | 84 | 8.86 | 185 | 4.88 | 1.73 | (1.36–2.21) | <0.0001 | 1.32 | (1.11–1.58) | 0.002 |
| Ischemic strokes | 14 | 2.06 | 63 | 2.83 | 0.74 | (0.43–1.28) | 0.284 | 24 | 2.53 | 46 | 1.21 | 1.81 | (1.18–2.78) | 0.006 | 1.85 | (1.41–2.42) | <0.0001 |
| Respiratory diseases | |||||||||||||||||
| Sinusitis | 60 | 8.81 | 156 | 7.01 | 1.17 | (0.89–1.53) | 0.253 | 90 | 9.49 | 182 | 4.8 | 1.77 | (1.41–2.21) | <0.0001 | 1.23 | (1.05–1.46) | 0.013 |
| Asthma | 24 | 3.52 | 33 | 1.48 | 1.77 | (1.17–2.69) | 0.007 | 33 | 3.48 | 44 | 1.16 | 2.27 | (1.59–3.25) | <0.0001 | 1.30 | (0.92–1.83) | 0.145 |
| Emphysema or COPD | 19 | 2.79 | 41 | 1.84 | 1.40 | (0.87–2.26) | 0.165 | 28 | 2.95 | 58 | 1.53 | 1.73 | (1.16–2.58) | 0.007 | 1.31 | (0.95–1.80) | 0.099 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |||||||||||||||||
| Peptic ulcer | 79 | 11.6 | 204 | 9.16 | 1.22 | (0.95–1.56) | 0.113 | 109 | 11.5 | 152 | 4.01 | 2.39 | (1.93–2.95) | <0.0001 | 1.59 | (1.37–1.85) | <0.0001 |
| Stomach and duodenal ulcer | 53 | 7.78 | 131 | 5.88 | 1.18 | (0.89–1.57) | 0.262 | 86 | 9.07 | 117 | 3.09 | 2.31 | (1.84–2.91) | <0.0001 | 1.43 | (1.19–1.71) | <0.0001 |
| Gastrointestinal hemorrhage | 4 | 0.59 | 5 | 0.22 | 1.94 | (0.69–5.46) | 0.209 | 4 | 0.42 | 11 | 0.29 | 1.35 | (0.50–3.68) | 0.557 | 0.96 | (0.39–2.33) | 0.927 |
| Neurological disorders | |||||||||||||||||
| Epilepsy | 6 | 0.88 | 31 | 1.39 | 0.60 | (0.27–1.35) | 0.218 | 10 | 1.05 | 18 | 0.47 | 1.82 | (0.97–3.44) | 0.063 | 1.75 | (1.21–2.51) | 0.003 |
| Vertigo | 29 | 4.26 | 99 | 4.45 | 0.89 | (0.61–1.30) | 0.549 | 43 | 4.54 | 50 | 1.32 | 2.49 | (1.81–3.43) | <0.0001 | 1.82 | (1.47–2.24) | <0.0001 |
| Psychiatric disorders | |||||||||||||||||
| Drug abuse | 1 | 0.15 | 1 | 0.04 | 2.30 | (0.32–16.4) | 0.406 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 1.66 | (0.24–11.73) | 0.612 |
| Depression | 104 | 15.27 | 157 | 7.05 | 1.88 | (1.51–2.33) | <0.0001 | 120 | 12.66 | 64 | 1.69 | 3.83 | (3.14–4.68) | <0.0001 | 1.88 | (1.59–2.22) | <0.0001 |
| Bipolar disorder | 16 | 2.35 | 22 | 0.99 | 1.81 | (1.09–2.99) | 0.022 | 18 | 1.9 | 7 | 0.18 | 3.88 | (2.39–6.29) | <0.0001 | 1.90 | (1.23–2.93) | 0.004 |
| Anxiety disorders | 106 | 15.57 | 220 | 9.88 | 1.48 | (1.19–1.83) | <0.0001 | 122 | 12.87 | 122 | 3.22 | 2.89 | (2.37–3.52) | <0.0001 | 1.74 | (1.51–2.01) | <0.0001 |
| Panic disorder | 8 | 1.17 | 13 | 0.58 | 1.54 | (0.76–3.13) | 0.233 | 13 | 1.37 | 11 | 0.29 | 2.85 | (1.62–5.00) | <0.0001 | 1.23 | (0.71–2.12) | 0.465 |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 1 | 0.15 | 4 | 0.18 | 0.94 | (0.13–6.80) | 0.952 | 1 | 0.11 | 3 | 0.08 | 1.25 | (0.17–9.02) | 0.822 | 2.16 | (0.80–5.83) | 0.128 |
| Suicide | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Insomnia | 96 | 14.1 | 250 | 11.23 | 1.21 | (0.97–1.51) | 0.094 | 122 | 12.87 | 179 | 4.72 | 2.28 | (1.87–2.78) | <0.0001 | 1.58 | (1.38–1.81) | <0.0001 |
RR relative risk, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease