Figure 2.

Phylogenetic tree of mtDNA haplogroup A2 summarized from van Oven and Kayser, 2009 and rooted in African haplogroup L3. The phylogeny includes the specific branch delineated by the Waorani (dark-shaded), denoted as subhaplogroup A2s. Mutations are transitions unless marked otherwise: suffixes indicate indels (+, d) or transversion to T at np 7724 in A2g. Mutations back to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS) nucleotide are prefixed with @. The back mutation at np 16111 within subhaplogroup A2s was observed only in one of 35 individuals analyzed. Recurrent mutational events are underlined. The position of the rCRS (Andrews et al., 1999) is indicated for reading off sequence motifs.