Table 1.

Nrf2 activators were treated to diabetic animals and cells.

Nrf2 activators	Mechanisms	Target organs	Species	Ways and volume	References
Insulin	Nuclear translocation	Brain endothelial cell	Human	100 nM, 30 min	[23]
		HMEC-1 endothelial cell	Human	4 mol/L, 6–48 h	[13]
		Pancreatic islet RIN cells	Mice Rat	40 μg/kg, IP daily, 8 days 10 μM, 3 h	[24]
Sulforaphane	Disrupt the Keap1-Nrf2 complex nuclear translocation	Kidney	Mice	12.5 mg/kg, p.o. 16 weeks	[22]
		Mesangial cells	Human	1.25 mmol/L
		Nerve Neuro2a cell	Rat	0.5 and 1 mg/kg, 6 weeks 5.5 mM	[25]
Oltipraz	Nuclear translocation	Liver	Mice	150 mg/kg, IP tertian, 5 times	[26]
		Adipose/muscle	Mice	0.75 g/kg p.o., 28 weeks	[27]
tBHQ	Enhance expression and nuclear accumulation	Kidney	Mice	1% p.o., 4 and 12 week	[28]
		Renal mesangial cells	Human	6.25 mmol/L	[22]
MG132	Decrease degradation	Kidney	Rat	10 μg/kg IP, daily, 12 weeks	[8]
PETN	Induce HO-1	Blood vessel	Rat	15 mg/kg/day, p.o. 7 weeks	[29]
LAB	Activate NQO1	Vascular smooth muscle cells Vessel tissue	Rat	50 μmol/L 50 mg/kg IP. daily, 15 days	[19]
AGE-BSA	Nuclear translocation	Aortic endothelial cells	Bovine	100 μg mL−1, 0–24 hours	[30]
Resveratrol	Increase expression	Kidney	Rat	5 mg/kg, p.o., 30 days	[31]
DH404	Disrupt the Keap1-Nrf2 complex	HL-1 cells Heart	Mice	200 nmol/L, 12 hour 10 mg/kg, IP., tertian 2 weeks	[20]
CA	Increase the expression	kidney mesangial cells	Mice Human	25/50 mg/kg, p.o., 16 weeks 5 mmol/L	[22]
Telmisartan	Suppression of NAD(P)H oxidase	Kidney	Mice	5 mg/kg, p.o., 4 weeks	[32]

Notes. RIN cells: rat pancreatic β-cell line RINm5F; HMEC-1 cells: human microvascular endothelial cells; tBHQ: tert-butylhydroquinone; PETN: pentaerithrityl tetranitrate; LAB: magnesium lithospermate B; AGE-BSA: AGE-modified bovine albumin; CA: cinnamic aldehyde; HL-1 cells: adult murine atrial cardiomyocyte tumor lineage p.o.: diet; IP: intraperitoneal injection.