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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Feb 2.
Published in final edited form as: Oncogene. 2011 Jul 4;31(5):537–551. doi: 10.1038/onc.2011.267

Figure 3. HDACis induce “Inside out” signaling involving ATM/NEMO axis and NF-kB activation.

Figure 3

HDACis, by inducing ROS and double strand DNA breaks, induce SUMOylation of NEMO and activate ATM. This leads to phosphorylation of NEMO by ATM and subsequent translocation of NEMO with ATM from the nucleus. NEMO is then capable of binding and activating the IKK complex culminating in NF-κB activation and expression of survival genes.