Table 1.
Differences in Tobacco Use for Participants by Recruitment Method
| Online HRA | Off-line Promotions | Online Advertisements | Quit-Line Screening | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 397 | 1341 | 1426 | 189 | |
| Smoke cigarettes: | |||||
| Smoked in the past | 14%a | 1%b | <1%c | 1%b | <0.0011,3,4,5 |
| Some days | 25% | 3% | 1% | 6% | |
| Every day | 61% | 96% | 98% | 93% | |
| Number of days smoked in past 30 days (mean) | 15.6a | 17.3a | 23.1b | 17.5a | 0.049 |
| Number of cigarettes smoked per day (mean) | 9.4a | 17.9b | 19.2c | 18.1bc | < 0.0011,2,3,4,5,6 |
| Smoke first cigarette after waking up: | |||||
| Less than 5 min | 12%a | 38%b | 43%c | 40%d | <0.0011,4,,5,6 |
| 5 – 30 min | 28% | 43% | 42% | 35% | |
| 31 – 60 min | 19% | 12% | 11% | 16% | |
| 60 min or longer | 41% | 7% | 4% | 9% | |
| Find it difficult to keep from smoking when friend(s) is smoking: | |||||
| No – never difficult | 5%a | 1%b | 1%c | 0%bc | <0.0013 |
| No – usually not difficult | 11% | 5% | 4% | 5% | |
| Don't know | 4% | 5% | 6% | 6% | |
| Yes – somewhat difficult | 32% | 29% | 27% | 27% | |
| Yes – very difficult | 48% | 60% | 62% | 62% | |
| Stage of readiness to quit: | |||||
| Want to keep smoking | <1%a | <1%b | <1%c | 2%c | < 0.0011,2,3,4,5,6 |
| Open to possibility of quitting | 13% | 8% | 8% | 4% | |
| Like to quit but don't have immediate plans | 26% | 14% | 10% | 6% | |
| Planning to quit but haven't decided when | 50% | 54% | 49% | 54% | |
| Set a quit date | 9% | 20% | 29% | 30% | |
| Have quit smoking | 1% | 3% | 3% | 4% | |
| Made quit attempt in past year and succeeded in not smoking for 24 hours | 78%a | 57%b | 57%c | 59%bc | <0.0011,3,4,5 |
| Longest time went without smoking in past year: | |||||
| Less than 24 hours | 10%a | 34%b | 39%c | 30%b | <0.0011,3,4,5,6 |
| 1 day | 9% | 14% | 16% | 16% | |
| 2 days | 7% | 14% | 14% | 10% | |
| 3-6 days | 15% | 15% | 12% | 16% | |
| 7 days to 1 month | 23% | 12% | 11% | 11% | |
| 1-3 months | 16% | 8% | 5% | 12% | |
| More than 3 months | 20% | 3% | 3% | 5% | |
| Use smokeless tobacco: | |||||
| Never | 74%a | 75%ab | 81%c | 69%ad | 0.0021,2,3,4 |
| Used in past | 17% | 18% | 14% | 17% | |
| Some days | 6% | 5% | 4% | 11% | |
| Every day | 3% | 2% | 1% | 3% |
Note. Statistically significant contrasts (P<.05) between groups indicated by different letters; P-value reported for tests adjusted for age (1), gender (2), race/ethnicity (3), education (4), enrolled in college (5), employed (6), and Internet use (7).