Table 2.
Study Variables, by Paternal Nativity Status
| Variable (Range) | All Hispanic Fathers | Foreign-born (FB) | Native-born (NB) | t(df)c or χ2(df) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n= 372 (100%) | n= 155 (42%) | n= 217 (58%) | ||
| % or M(SD) | % or M(SD) | % or M(SD) | ||
| CTSPC Aggression Toward Child | ||||
| Physical aggression W4 (0 – 75)‡ | 4.85 (9.27) | 3.34 (7.42) | 6.23 (10.54) | t(207) = −3.16** |
| Psych aggression W4 (0 – 75)‡ | 12.88 (15.13) | 8.86 (11.93) | 16.56 (16.78) | t(209) = −3.85*** |
| Physical aggression W3 (0 – 73)‡ | 5.96 (11.03) | 3.39 (7.77) | 7.71 (12.50) | t(347) = −4.58*** |
| Psych aggression W3 (0 – 75)‡ | 11.72 (15.62) | 7.01 (11.69) | 14.93 (17.11) | t(358) = −5.52*** |
| Acculturation Indicators | ||||
| Years in U.S. (FB only) (1 – 45) | 13.19 (7.38) | -- -- | -- -- | |
| Religious attendance (1 – 5)‡ | 2.91 (1.34) | 3.09 (1.33) | 2.77 (1.33) | t(370) = 2.26* |
| Traditional gender norms (1 – 4)‡ | 2.46 (0.64) | 2.71 (0.62) | 2.29 (0.60) | t(370) = 6.62*** |
| Sociodemographic Factors | ||||
| Age at child’s birth (16–61) | 27.46 (6.59) | 29.89 (7.12) | 25.73 (5.58) | t(280) = 6.07*** |
| Relationship status | χ2(2) = 4.13 | |||
| Married | 57% | 59% | 56% | |
| Cohabiting | 40% | 40% | 40% | |
| Not married or cohabiting | 3% | 1% | 5% | |
| Education | χ2(2) = 28.30*** | |||
| Less than high school | 48% | 63% | 37% | |
| High school degree or GED | 29% | 17% | 38% | |
| Some college/tech. school | 23% | 20% | 25% | |
| Household income($0–230,000) | $37,875 (29,047) | $34,766 (23,579) | $40,015 (32,162) | t(334) = −1. 43 |
| Psychosocial Factors | ||||
| Parenting stress (1 – 4)‡ | 2.04 (0.72) | 2.05 (0.85) | 2.03 (0.61) | t(231) = 0.23 |
| Involvement with child (1 – 7)‡ | 4.45 (1.07) | 4.19 (1.07) | 4.63 (1.03) | t(334) = −3.77*** |
| Major depression (yes) | 9% | 5% | 11% | χ2(1) = 3.64 |
| Heavy alcohol use (yes) | 30% | 24% | 34% | χ2(1) = 3.68 |
| Father-to-mother IPAV (yes) | 43% | 51% | 38% | χ2(1) = 5.93* |
| Child Characteristics | ||||
| Gender (boy) | 51% | 50% | 52% | χ2(1) = 0.14 |
| Aggressive behavior W3 (0 – 2)‡ | 0.55 (0.34) | 0.49 (0.34) | 0.59 (0.33) | t(368) = −2.65** |
| Anxious/depressed W3 (0 – 2)‡ | 0.38 (0.33) | 0.42 (0.31) | 0.36 (0.35) | t(284) = 1.43 |
| Withdrawn W3 (0 – 2)‡ | 0.30 (0.33) | 0.33 (0.37) | 0.27 (0.29) | t(227) = 1.54 |
Note: CTSPC = Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale; W3 = Wave 3, child 3 years of age; W4 = Wave 4, child 5 years of age; psych = psychological; IPAV = intimate partner aggression and violence.
*
p ≤ .05,
**
p ≤ .01,
***
p ≤ .001, two-tailed, denotes significant difference between FB Hispanic and NB Hispanic fathers.
‡
Higher scores indicate higher levels of the construct.