Table 1.

Description of land cover types used in this study

Land cover type	Description
Water	Permanent water bodies. Owing to single date interpretation with varying wetness levels, the permanence of the water bodies was in some cases difficult to determine. Therefore, confusion may exist between water and seasonal water classes
Seasonal water	Areas that are inundated part of the year. Most typically flood zones of rivers. This class was used conservatively. Please read also the description of water class
Pristine PSF	PSF with no signs of human intervention
Slighty degraded PSF	PSF with minor signs of human intervention, typically in the form of weak pathways criss-crossing the area but no clear signs of opened canopy
Moderately degraded PSF	PSF with clear signs of systematic logging, typically in the form of logging tracks and canals and/or opened canopy
Heavily degraded PSF	PSF with only remnants of original forest cover visible
Tall shrub/secondary forest	Shrub land or secondary forest with average height above 2 m
Ferns/low shrub	Ferns and grass or shrub land with average height less than 2 m
Small-holder dominated area	Mosaic area of farms, small plantations, agricultural fields, gardens, shrub etc., used by small-holder farmers for their livelihood
Industrial plantations	Large-scale industrial plantations. Mainly oil palm and pulp wood
Built-up area	Towns, industrial areas etc.
Cleared/burnt area	Open area with no vegetation, including recently burnt areas