FIG. 1.

HIV Nef polymorphisms overrepresented in subjects with HIV-associated PAH. Individual variations (using one-letter amino acid codes, numbered, colored, and indicated by arrows) are indicated in cartoons of Nef crystal structures. The Nef structure data are available as separate models.¹⁵ We used the models of (A) myristoylated Nef anchor domain, which includes Nef amino acids 2–57, and (B) Nef core to the C-terminus (amino acids 56–206). Alpha-helixes are colored in pink, beta-sheets are in orange. The N- and C-termini are indicated in each model. Nonconservative polymorphisms are indicated in yellow. Of the 10 polymorphisms identified in European subjects with HIV-associated PAH, seven were also found in the cohort from San Francisco (underlined). Refer to Supplementary Table S1 for frequency data. Symbol: ▾ indicates hydrophilic amino acid.