Table 2. RMA regressions of raw data and standardized independent contrasts for the humerus.
| RMA regression: Raw data | RMA regression: Independent Contrasts | ||||||||||
| HLHAPW | n | R-squared | p(uncorr) | a | b | p(a = 1) | n | R-squared | p(uncorr) | a | p(a = 1) |
| Ankylosauria | 12 | 0.035 | 0.559 | 1.658 | −2.644 | 0.23 | 6 | 0.201 | 0.372 | 1.114 | 0.814 |
| Stegosauria | 17 | 0.763 | 0 | 0.974 | −0.765 | 0.835 | 6 | 0.6 | 0.071 | 0.774 | 0.121 |
| Hadrosauridae | 35 | 0.795 | 0 | 1.118 | −1.324 | 0.191 | 15 | 0.786 | 0 | 1.120 | 0.232 |
| Ceratopsidae | 23 | 0.807 | 0 | 1.435 | −2.171 | 0.005 | 7 | 0.329 | 0.178 | 1.059 | 0.798 |
| Bipeds | 11 | 0.968 | 0 | 1.081 | −1.217 | 0.241 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Thyreophora | 29 | 0.545 | 0 | 1.137 | −1.224 | 0.362 | 13 | 0.579 | 0.003 | 0.823 | 0.196 |
| Ornithopoda | 69 | 0.892 | 0 | 1.068 | −1.181 | 0.118 | 31 | 0.792 | 0 | 1.062 | 0.297 |
| Marginocephalia | 28 | 0.88 | 0 | 1.211 | −1.554 | 0.016 | 12 | 0.738 | 0 | 1.116 | 0.335 |
| Ornithischia | 129 | 0.867 | 0 | 1.173 | −1.421 | 0 | 61 | 0.806 | 0 | 1.077 | 0.082 |
| HLHMLW | |||||||||||
| Ankylosauria | 13 | 0.476 | 0.009 | 1.148 | −1.17 | 0.567 | 7 | 0.91 | 0.001 | 1.097 | 0.619 |
| Stegosauria | 17 | 0.789 | 0 | 0.923 | −0.522 | 0.495 | 6 | 0.755 | 0.025 | 0.688 | 0.012 |
| Hadrosauridae | 35 | 0.808 | 0 | 1.118 | −1.169 | 0.178 | 15 | 0.523 | 0.002 | 1.073 | 0.627 |
| Ceratopsidae | 23 | 0.906 | 0 | 1.414 | −1.962 | 0 | 7 | 0.786 | 0.008 | 1.278 | 0.084 |
| Bipeds | 11 | 0.985 | 0 | 1.19 | −1.387 | 0.003 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Thyreophora | 30 | 0.684 | 0 | 1.06 | −0.91 | 0.601 | 14 | 0.702 | 0 | 0.836 | 0.096 |
| Ornithopoda | 69 | 0.929 | 0 | 1.192 | −1.371 | 0 | 31 | 0.683 | 0 | 1.118 | 0.145 |
| Marginocephalia | 28 | 0.953 | 0 | 1.322 | −1.71 | 0 | 12 | 0.909 | 0 | 1.282 | 0.003 |
| Ornithischia | 130 | 0.922 | 0 | 1.272 | −1.554 | 0 | 62 | 0.751 | 0 | 1.156 | 0.004 |
| HLHDPCW | |||||||||||
| Ankylosauria | 13 | 0.161 | 0.174 | 1.586 | −1.997 | 0.208 | 7 | 0.023 | 0.747 | 1.372 | 0.413 |
| Stegosauria | 16 | 0.598 | 0 | 1.068 | −0.555 | 0.714 | 6 | 0.592 | 0.128 | 0.888 | 0.756 |
| Hadrosauridae | 35 | 0.878 | 0 | 1.133 | −0.949 | 0.062 | 15 | 0.925 | 0 | 1.083 | 0.151 |
| Ceratopsidae | 23 | 0.918 | 0 | 1.361 | −1.472 | 0 | 7 | 0.932 | 0 | 1.219 | 0.03 |
| Bipeds | 11 | 0.956 | 0 | 1.214 | −1.211 | 0.033 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Thyreophora | 29 | 0.453 | 0 | 1.317 | −1.254 | 0.103 | 13 | 0.206 | 0.12 | 1.071 | 0.695 |
| Ornithopoda | 69 | 0.918 | 0 | 1.227 | −1.227 | 0 | 31 | 0.874 | 0 | 1.192 | 0.001 |
| Marginocephalia | 28 | 0.934 | 0 | 1.281 | −1.296 | 0 | 12 | 0.817 | 0 | 1.172 | 0.153 |
| Ornithischia | 129 | 0.867 | 0 | 1.357 | −1.498 | 0 | 61 | 0.829 | 0 | 1.219 | 0 |
Abbreviations: HLHAPW, humeral length against anteroposterior width; HLHMLW; humeral length against mediolateral width; HLHDPCW, humeral length against deltopectoral crest width; a, allometric coefficient; b, y-intercept; n, sample size; p(a = 1), probability that the allometric coefficient is equal to isometry, cells highlighted in bold are those that are statistically distinguishable from isometry at the p = 0.05 level; p(uncorr), probability that X and Y are uncorrelated, cells highlighted in bold are those where X and Y are uncorrelated at the p = 0.05 level; R-squared, coefficient of determination.