Table 4. RMA regressions of raw data and standardized independent contrasts for the ulna.

	RMA regression: Raw data						RMA regression: Independent Contrasts
ULUAPW	n	R-squared	p(uncorr)	a	b	p(a = 1)	n	R-squared	p(uncorr)	a	p(a = 1)
Ankylosauria	6	0.548	0.092	4.399	−9.459	0.083	5	0.38	0.268	4.919	0.06
Stegosauria	7	0.185	0.335	1.534	−2.056	0.428	2	–	–	–	–
Hadrosauridae	31	0.647	0	1.118	−1.163	0.345	16	0.713	0	1.198	0.156
Ceratopsidae	16	0.549	0.001	1.904	−3.141	0.019	7	0.204	0.309	1.214	0.461
Bipeds	5	0.966	0.003	1.354	−1.519	0.092	–	–	–	–	–
Thyreophora	13	0.323	0.043	2.488	−4.562	0.035	8	0	0.98	−3.12	0.003
Ornithopoda	60	0.803	0	1.049	−0.908	0.43	31	0.772	0	1.202	0.011
Marginocephalia	21	0.731	0	1.358	−1.655	0.039	9	0.544	0.023	1.364	0.175
Ornithischia	95	0.743	0	1.167	−1.181	0.008	53	0.637	0	1.281	0.001
ULUMLW
Ankylosauria	6	0.567	0.084	1.398	−1.419	0.436	5	0.132	0.548	1.761	0.28
Stegosauria	7	0.497	0.077	0.763	0.185	0.374	2	–	–	–	–
Hadrosauridae	31	0.804	0	1.021	−0.781	0.807	16	0.893	0	1.036	0.699
Ceratopsidae	16	0.937	0	1.286	−1.206	0.005	7	0.887	0.002	1.228	0.049
Bipeds	5	0.967	0.003	1.239	−1.121	0.162	–	–	–	–	–
Thyreophora	13	0.447	0.013	0.88	−0.102	0.554	8	0.024	0.717	1.118	0.718
Ornithopoda	60	0.837	0	0.95	−0.528	0.322	31	0.865	0	1.083	0.132
Marginocephalia	21	0.971	0	1.194	−0.956	0.001	9	0.923	0	1.156	0.149
Ornithischia	95	0.754	0	1.104	−0.848	0.071	53	0.853	0	1.121	0.008

Abbreviations: ULUAPW, ulnar length against anteroposterior width; ULUMLW; ulnar length against mediolateral width; a, allometric coefficient; b, y-intercept; n, sample size; p(a = 1), probability that the allometric coefficient is equal to isometry, cells highlighted in bold are those that are statistically distinguishable from isometry at the p = 0.05 level; p(uncorr), probability that X and Y are uncorrelated, cells highlighted in bold are those where X and Y are uncorrelated at the p = 0.05 level; R-squared, coefficient of determination.