Table 1.
Summary of inflammatory responses triggered by OPs.
| Inflammatory Response | Exposure Paradigm | Type of OP | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glial Activation | |||
| Microglia | Acute | Soman |
Collombet et al. 2005a (in vivo, mouse); Zimmer et al. 1997 (in vivo, rat) |
| Increased GFAP expression | Acute | Soman, Sarin |
Angoa-Perez et al. 2010 (in vivo, rat); Damodaran et al. 2006 (in vivo, rat); Baille-Le Crom et al. 2005 (in vivo, rat); Collombet et al. 2005a (in vivo, mouse); Damodaran et al. 2002 (in vivo, rat); Damodaran et al. 2000 (in vivo, hen); Zimmer et al. 1997 (in vitro, rat telencephalon); |
| Chronic | Parathion, Chlorpyrifos |
Lim et al. 2011 (in vivo, mice); Zurich et al. 2004 (in vitro, rat telencephalon); Garcia et al. 2002 (in vivo, rat) |
|
| Soluble Inflammatory Mediators | |||
| Increased cytokine levels | Acute | Soman, Sarin, Chlorpyrifos |
Johnson et al. 2011 (in vivo, rat); Dillman et al. 2009 (in vivo, rat); Stapleton et al. 2009 (in vivo, rat); Dhote et al. 2007 (in vivo, mouse); Chapman et al. 2006 (in vivo, rat); Damodaran et al. 2006 (in vivo, rat); Williams et al. 2003 (in vivo, rat); Svensson et al. 2001 (in vivo, rat); |
| Chronic | Sarin, Chlorpyrifos |
Mense et al. 2006 (in vitro, human astrocytes); Henderson et al. 2002 (in vivo, rat) |
|
| Altered chemokine levels | Acute | Soman, Acephate |
Johnson and Kan, 2010 (in vivo, rat); Dhote et al. 2007 (in vivo, mouse); Williams et al. 2003 (in vivo, rat); Singh and Jiang, 2002 (in vivo, rat) |
| Increased prostaglandin/isoprostanoid levels | Acute | Soman, Sarin, DFP |
Angoa-Perez et al. 2010 (in vivo, rat); Zaja-Milatovic et al. 2009 (in vivo, rat); Grauer et al. 2008 (in vivo, rat); Chapman et al. 2006 (in vivo, rat); Levy et al. 2004 (in vivo, guinea pig) |
| Anaphylaxis | |||
| Increased macrophage activity/mast cell degranulation | Acute | Soman, Sarin, Malathion |
Levy et al. 2004 (in vivo, guinea pigs); Xiong and Rodgers, 1997 (in vitro, rat and human mast cells); Rodgers and Xiong, 1997a, 1996 (in vivo, mouse); Rodgers and Ellefson, 1992, 1990 (in vivo, mouse); Newball et al. 1986 (in vitro, rat mast cells); Doebler et al. 1985 (in vivo, rat) |
| Chronic | Malathion | Rodgers and Xiong, 1997b, 1997c (in vivo, mouse) | |