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Changes in pCREB, total CREB, and a pCREB/CREB ratio in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum 24 hours after withdrawal from chronic nicotine. Developmental effects in total CREB were observed in the cortex and hippocampus, whereas no effects were observed in pCREB and the pCREB/CREB ratio. Nicotine withdrawal decreased total CREB in the cerebellum for both pre-adolescents and adults. Error bars indicate SEM, (*) indicates p < 0.05.
