Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by history of smoking before and after propensity matching, mean ± S.D., n (%)
| Variable | Before propensity matching | After propensity matching | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonsmokers (n = 3564) | Smokers (n = 496) | p | Nonsmokers (n = 487) | Smoker (n = 487) | p | |
| Age, years | 70 ± 8 | 65 ± 8 | <0.001 | 65 ± 9 | 65 ± 8 | 1.000 |
| Female | 1472 (41) | 122 (25) | <0.001 | 122 (25) | 120 (25) | 0.935 |
| Non-whites | 392 (11) | 69 (14) | 0.055 | 69 (14) | 66 (14) | 0.852 |
| NYHAa Class II or higher | 306 (9) | 65 (13) | 0.001 | 63 (13) | 64 (13) | 1.000 |
| Randomization to rate control | 1778 (50) | 255 (51) | 0.525 | 244 (50) | 253 (52) | 0.614 |
| Past medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension | 2531 (71) | 345 (70) | 0.503 | 331 (68) | 337 (69) | 0.735 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1339 (38) | 212 (43) | 0.026 | 214 (44) | 204 (42) | 0.566 |
| Heart failure | 783 (22) | 156 (32) | <0.001 | 145 (30) | 149 (31) | 0.822 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 709 (20) | 104 (21) | 0.575 | 107 (22) | 101 (21) | 0.698 |
| Cerebrovascular events | 464 (13) | 78 (16) | 0.097 | 80 (16) | 76 (16) | 0.789 |
| Pulmonary disease | 453 (13) | 138 (28) | <0.001 | 126 (26) | 130 (27) | 0.813 |
| Valvular heart disease | 439 (12) | 65 (13) | 0.618 | 68 (14) | 62 (13) | 0.651 |
| Symptomatic bradycardia | 253 (7) | 30 (6) | 0.389 | 30 (6) | 30 (6) | 1.000 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 215 (6) | 67 (14) | <0.001 | 63 (13) | 62 (13) | 1.000 |
| Hepatic/renal disease | 201 (6) | 30 (6) | 0.713 | 28 (6) | 29 (6) | 1.000 |
| Cardioversion | 1464 (41) | 220 (44) | 0.165 | 214 (44) | 214 (44) | 1.000 |
| Coronary bypass surgery | 457 (13) | 51 (10) | 0.109 | 53 (11) | 51 (11) | 0.914 |
| Pacemaker implantation | 225 (6) | 25 (5) | 0.269 | 23 (5) | 25 (5) | 0.885 |
| Hospitalization for arrhythmia | 1642 (46) | 253 (51) | 0.039 | 253 (52) | 247 (51) | 0.752 |
| Symptoms during atrial fibrillationb | ||||||
| Fatigue | 1982 (56) | 284 (57) | 0.489 | 274 (56) | 280 (58) | 0.745 |
| Dyspnea | 1896 (53) | 307 (62) | <0.001 | 288 (59) | 299 (61) | 0.499 |
| Palpitation | 1741 (49) | 267 (54) | 0.038 | 250 (51) | 259 (53) | 0.615 |
| Dizziness | 1200 (34) | 192 (39) | 0.027 | 192 (39) | 189 (39) | 0.897 |
| Chest pain | 833 (23) | 137 (28) | 0.038 | 142 (29) | 129 (27) | 0.397 |
| Diaphoresis | 702 (20) | 132 (27) | <0.001 | 133 (27) | 128 (26) | 0.778 |
| Leg swelling | 671 (19) | 105 (21) | 0.214 | 104 (21) | 103 (21) | 1.000 |
| Orthopnea | 513 (14) | 96 (19) | 0.004 | 75 (15) | 93 (19) | 0.145 |
| Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea | 254 (7) | 54 (11) | 0.003 | 46 (9) | 50 (10) | 0.744 |
| Panic | 360 (10) | 67 (14) | 0.020 | 75 (15) | 67 (14) | 0.519 |
| Syncope | 152 (4) | 15 (3) | 0.192 | 17 (4) | 15 (3) | 0.860 |
| Other symptoms | 370 (10) | 43 (9) | 0.237 | 34 (7) | 43 (9) | 0.321 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Warfarin | 3020 (85) | 414 (84) | 0.464 | 401 (82) | 407 (84) | 0.656 |
| Digoxin | 1863 (52) | 290 (59) | 0.010 | 269 (55) | 284 (58) | 0.342 |
| Beta-blocker | 1521 (43) | 206 (42) | 0.629 | 200 (41) | 200 (41) | 1.000 |
| Diuretics | 1510 (42) | 222 (45) | 0.313 | 221 (45) | 216 (44) | 0.799 |
| ACEc inhibitors | 1355 (38) | 226 (46) | 0.001 | 209 (43) | 219 (45) | 0.565 |
| Diltiazem | 1083 (30) | 169 (34) | 0.096 | 173 (36) | 165 (34) | 0.642 |
| Verapamil | 372 (10) | 53 (11) | 0.866 | 54 (11) | 53 (11) | 1.000 |
| Aspirin | 944 (27) | 137 (28) | 0.592 | 127 (26) | 134 (28) | 0.669 |
| Lipid lowering agents | 796 (22) | 117 (24) | 0.531 | 114 (23) | 116 (24) | 0.937 |
| Nitrate | 656 (18) | 106 (21) | 0.113 | 95 (20) | 101 (21) | 0.693 |
| Heparin | 608 (17) | 109 (22) | 0.007 | 101 (21) | 105 (22) | 0.811 |
| Heart rate per minute | 73 ± 14 | 74 ± 15 | 0.081 | 74 ± 15 | 74 ± 15 | 0.619 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 135 ± 19 | 132 ± 19 | <0.001 | 131 ± 18 | 132 ± 19 | 0.672 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 76 ± 10 | 76 ±10 | 0.148 | 76 ±10 | 76 ± 10 | 0.842 |
a
NYHA—New York Heart Association.
b
Symptoms associated with clinical diagnosis of atrial fibrillation.
c
ACE—angiotensin-converting enzyme.