Table 5.
Brain areasa exhibiting significant differences in activation to noxious heat stimulation of ventrum of the right forearm between ill GWI veterans (with Syn1/Syn2)b and controls, along with maximum difference in activation (Syn1/Syn2 Ctrl t-contrast; cluster-level p < 0.05) and location of maxima within those areas. Clusters spanned more than one listed area.
| Syn1–Ctrl | Syn2–Ctrl | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Area | Maximum activation difference Syn1–Ctrl t-contrast | Talairach co-ordinates RAI (mm) of maxima | Maximum activation difference Syn1–Ctrl t-contrast | Talairach co-ordinates RAI (mm) of maxima |
| L S1 | 2.8 | 28, 38, 55 | 4.15 | 29, 35, 49 |
| R S1 | 3.5 | −37, 26, 42 | 4.5 | −31, 29, 28 |
| L S2 | 3.1 | 47, 19, 16 | 4.3 | 52, 27, 19 |
| R S2 | 3.0 | −38, 26, 22 | 3.4 | −58, 13, 19 |
| L Insula | 3.6 | 37, 1, 8 | 3.4 | 41, 7, 16 |
| R Insula | 3.5 | −38, −7, 8 | 3.4 | −41, 38, 19 |
| L medial PPC | 4.6 | 11, 62, 35 | 4.2 | 20, 46, 59 |
| R medial PPC | 3.5 | −17, 48, 44 | 4.1 | −21, 46, 44 |
| L SMA/BA6 | 3.4 | 2, 27, 59 | 4.0 | 7, −17, 44 |
| R SMA/BA6 | 4.1 | −4, −11, 62 | 3.6 | −6, 25, 62 |
| L premotor | 3.3 | 24, 22, 61 | 4.2 | 25, 22, 59 |
| R premotor | 3.9 | −26, 21, 55 | 3.9 | −40, 14, 46 |
| L Cingulate | 3.6 | 5, −3, 36 | 3.3 | 6, 16, 41 |
| R Cingulate | 3.3 | −8, 23, 38 | 3.4 | −7, 20, 33 |
| L IPL | 4.0 | 40, 59, 44 | 4.1 | 55, 34, 32 |
| R IPL | 3.0 | −44, 44, 44 | 3.7 | −35, 56, 38 |
| L Amygdala | 3.3 | 25, 1, −18 | - | - |
| R Amygdala | 3.5 | −25, 4, −15 | 3.2 | −25, 1, −18 |
| L Ant. STG/BA 38 | 4.0 | 43, −7, −12 | 4.0 | 41, −8, −25 |
| R Ant. STG/BA 38 | 3.7 | −46, −14, −12 | 4.0 | −54, −7, −11 |
| L Parahipp. Gyrus | 3.3 | 19, 22, −17 | - | - |
| R Parahipp. Gyrus | 2.7 | −26, 31, −13 | 2.6 | −21, 27, −9 |
| L Thalamus | 2.8 | 16, 22, 2 | - | - |
| R Caudate | 3.5 | −16, −17, 12 | - | - |
| R Putamen | 2.8 | −22, 1, 2 | - | - |
| L Cerebellum | 3.2 | 45, 46, −29 | 3.9 | 38, 46, −28 |
| R Cerebellum | 3.5 | −20, 47, −27 | 3.0 | −25, 77, −30 |
| Brainstem | 3.6 | −5, 32, −24 | 2.6 | −4, 27, −16 |
a
L S1 = Left hemisphere S1; R S1 = Right Hemisphere S1; PPC = posterior parietal cortex; SMA = supplementary motor area; BA = Brodmann Area; IPL = inferior parietal lobule; Parahipp. = Parahippocampal; Ant. STG = Anterior Superior Temporal Gyrus; RAI = Right-Left, Anterior-Posterior, Inferior-Superior
b
No significant difference in activation to noxious heat observed between Ctrl and Syn3.