Table 2.
Associations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration with change in estimated GFR among 1705 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study
| Rapid GFR Loss (dichotomous outcome) |
Change in Estimated GFR (continuous outcome, ml/min per 1.73 m2/4 years) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant Group |
N (%) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Unadjusted Change, Mean (SD) | Adjusted Difference (95% CI) |
||||
| 25(OH)D Concentration | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||
| All participants | 207 (12%) | −0.4 (10.7) | ||||||
| ≥30 ng/ml | 43 (8%) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1.2 (9.8) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) | 0 (ref) |
| 15–29 ng/mL | 111 (12%) | 1.33 (0.91, 1.95) | 1.28 (0.87, 1.89) | 1.29 (0.87, 1.91) | −0.7 (10.6) | −1.4 (−2.6, −0.2) | −1.2 (−2.1, −0.1) | −1.2 (−2.4, −0.1) |
| <15 ng/ml | 53 (20%) | 1.82 (1.12, 2.96) | 1.66 (1.01, 2.74) | 1.68 (1.01, 2.77) | −2.7 (12.4) | −2.1 (−3.9, −0.4) | −1.7 (−3.5, 0.02) | −1.7 (−3.4, 0.1) |
| per 10 ng/ml* | 1.30 (1.09, 1.54) | 1.26 (1.02, 1.50) | 1.25 (1.05, 1.49) | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.2) | −0.6 (−1.1, −0.1) | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.1) | ||
| P* | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||
| Participants without diabetes | 172 (11%) | −0.2 (10.3) | ||||||
| per 10 ng/ml* | 1.22 (1.02, 1.46) | 1.21 (1.00, 1.45) | 1.20 (1.00, 1.44) | −0.6 (−1.0, −0.1) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.1) | −0.5 (−1.0, −0.03) | ||
| P* | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | ||
| Participants with diabetes | 35 (19%) | −2.2 (13.9) | ||||||
| per 10 ng/mL* | 2.11 (1.17, 3.82) | 2.04 (1.04, 4.00) | 2.19 (1.10, 4.37) | −2.1 (−4.2, 0.1) | −1.9 (−4.0, 0.2) | −2.0 (−4.1, 0.1) | ||
| P* | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | ||
Rapid GFR loss is defined as change in estimated GFR < −12 mL/min/1.73 m2 over four years, with numbers greater than one representing increased risk of rapid GFR loss. Difference in change in estimated GFR is reported in mL/min/1.73 m2 over the four years of follow-up, with numbers less than zero representing excess GFR loss compared with the reference group.
Evaluates 25(OH)D as a continuous variable, per 10 ng/mL lower 25(OH)D concentration.
Model 1 adjusted for age, gender, race, site, and season.
Model 2 additionally adjusted for attained education, household income, diabetes, smoking, physical activity, antihypertensive medication use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use, body mass index, and serum albumin.
Model 3 additionally adjusted for variables in Model 2, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and C-reactive protein.
Abbreviations: GFR, glomerular filtration rate; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; ref, reference.