Table 2. Predictors of events.
| Outcome; mean survival, days (p – value) | |||
| Predictor | Death | AMI | HF |
| Plasma betaine middle quintiles | 1390 | 1332 | 1373 |
| Plasma betaine high (>60.6 µmol/L) | 1434 (0.7) | 1294 (0.18) | 1321 (0.043) |
| Plasma betaine low (<33.8 µmol/L) | 1354 (0.6) | 1198 (0.014) | 1336 (0.5) |
| Plasma DMG middle quintiles | 1441 | 1252 | 1379 |
| Plasma DMG high (>5.8 µmol/L) | 1270 (<0.001) | 1155 (0.004) | 1245 (0.027) |
| Plasma DMG low (<2.5 µmol/L) | 1340 (0.3) | +0.4 (0.5) | 1377 (0.12) |
| Urine betaine excr. middle quintiles | 1406 | 1349 | 1444 |
| Urine betaine excr. high (>19.5) | 1390 (0.5) | 1283 (0.6) | 1276 (0.005) |
| Urine betaine excr. low (<4.6) | 1425 (0.055) | 1301 (0.9) | 1291 (0.013) |
| Plasma homocysteine middle quintiles | 1441 | 1380 | 1434 |
| Plasma homocysteine high (>17.0 µmol/L) | 1215 (<0.001) | 930 (<0.001) | 987 (<0.001) |
| Plasma homocysteine low (<10.0 µmol/L) | 1459 (0.13) | 1390 (0.6) | 1459 (0.092) |
Comparisons of the middle three quintiles with the top quintile (“high”) and lowest quintile (“low”) for possible predictors of events. Mean survival times to events given in days, with p values (in brackets) for the difference in risk compared with the middle 60% of the population. Significant (p<0.05) statistics are in bold. DMG: N,N-dimethylglycine. AMI: acute MI. HF: hospital admission for heart failure. Betaine excretions expressed as mmol betaine/mole creatinine. Plasma betaine and DMG concentrations are gender corrected; male values cited (female values 17% lower for betaine, 10% lower for DMG).