Table 1.
Disease phenotype and geographical burden attributed to various Leishmania species [2]. Depending on the strain, Leishmania infection may cause lesions on skin (cutaneous leishmaniasis; CL) or mucosa (mucosal leishmaniasis; ML), or disseminate to internal organs, including the spleen and liver (visceral leishmaniasis; VL). Post-kalaazar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is caused by persistence of parasites in the skin following apparently successful treatment of VL.
| Disease | Leishmania sp. [3] | Geographical Burden |
|---|---|---|
| Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) | L. mexicana complex (ZCL) | Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Suriname, USA, and Venezuela |
| L.tropica complex (ACL) | Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Morocco, Pakistan, Syria, Turkey, and Uzbekistan | |
| L.major complex (ZCL) | Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, the Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Yemen | |
| L.aethiopica complex (ZCL) | Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda | |
| L.brazilensis complex (ZCL) | Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela | |
| L.guyanensis complex (ZCL) | Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela | |
| Mucosal/mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML) | L.braziliensis complex | Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil. Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela |
| L.guyanensis complex | Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama | |
| Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL; Kala-Azar) | L.donovani complex (AVL, ZVL) | Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chad, Central African Republic, China, Colombia, Croatia, Cyprus, Djibouti, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, Gambia, Georgia, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel. Italy, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Libya, Macedonia, Malta, Mauriatania, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Portugal, Romania, Saudi arabia, Senegal. Slovenia, Somalia, Spain, Srilanka, the Sudan, Syria, and Yemen |
| Post-Kala –Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) | L.donovani complex | Bangladesh, China, Nepal, India, Iran, Iraq, Kenya, Pakistan, the Sudan |