TABLE 2—
Differences in Social Capital Characteristics Between Asian American Smokers and Nonsmokers (n = 906): National Latino and Asian American Survey, 2002–2003
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI) |
| Social capitala | |
| Friend connection | 1.06 (0.80, 1.39) |
| Family connection | 1.21 (0.95, 1.54) |
| Neighborhood cohesion | 0.69 (0.56, 0.84) |
| Family cohesion | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) |
| Family conflict | 1.01 (0.85, 1.22) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Vietnamese (Ref) | 1.00 |
| Filipino | 1.38 (0.70, 2.71) |
| Chinese | 0.46 (0.24, 0.90) |
| Other | 0.75 (0.41, 1.38) |
| Education | |
| < high school (Ref) | |
| High school graduate | 0.82 (0.37, 1.85) |
| Some college | 0.43 (0.21, 0.89) |
| ≥ university graduate | 0.35 (0.14, 0.89) |
| Household income, $ | |
| < 25 000 (Ref) | 1.00 |
| 25 000–49 999 | 0.81 (0.40, 1.64) |
| 50 000–99 999 | 0.35 (0.18, 0.68) |
| ≥ 100 000 | 0.91 (0.47, 1.77) |
| Age, y | |
| 18–29 (Ref) | 1.00 |
| 30–45 | 1.44 (0.74, 2.79) |
| ≥ 46 | 1.19 (0.55, 2.60) |
| Marital statusb | 0.90 (0.50, 1.62) |
| Religionb | 0.62 (0.42, 0.92) |
| English (poor or fair)b | 0.63 (0.38, 1.05) |
| Duration of residency in the United States | |
| ≤ 10 y (Ref) | 1.00 |
| ≥ 11 y or US-born | 0.81 (0.48, 1.36) |
| Discriminationc | 1.41 (1.06, 1.89) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. All variables were entered simultaneously into the regression analysis. Collinearity was checked and found to be insignificant.
a
Social capital variables were normalized; continuous factor scores with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 1.
b
The corresponding reference categories are marital status (other than married), religion (does not seek religious comfort in difficult times), and English (poor or fair).
c
Discrimination is a continuous variable, derived from the mean of 9 items.