Table 3.
Race and socioeconomic status (SES) Effects on child development ratea
| Effect | Excluding Investment | Including Investment (exogenous) | Including Investment (area instrument) | Including Investment (caregiver instruments) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African ancestry | Mean | −5.96*** (1.27) | −5.27*** (1.27) | −3.73** (1.75) | −4.25** (1.79) |
| q=0.1 | −8.72*** (3.28) | −5.42* (3.04) | −1.0 (3.75) | −1.02 (4.85) | |
| q=0.25 | −6.12*** (1.89) | −5.45*** (1.96) | −3.22 (2.11) | −2.96 (2.13) | |
| q=0.5 | −5.18*** (1.27) | −4.24*** (1.28) | −3.62** (1.74) | −3.74** (1.53) | |
| q=0.75 | −5.68*** (2.03) | −5.03** (2.00) | −4.9*** (1.75) | −4.70** (1.86) | |
| q=0.9 | −3.47** (1.75) | −3.66** (1.81) | −3.31* (1.92) | −3.25 (2.24) | |
| Native ancestry | Mean | −4.33** (1.75) | −4.20** (1.68) | −3.91** (1.76) | −4.01** (1.70) |
| q=0.1 | −5.06*** (1.68) | −4.58** (1.83) | −4.93*** (1.72) | −4.50** (1.78) | |
| q=0.25 | −5.28*** (1.20) | −4.29*** (1.18) | −3.22** (1.21) | −2.76** (1.21) | |
| q=0.5 | −3.48*** (0.75) | −3.41*** (0.75) | −3.86*** (0.92) | −3.96*** (0.84) | |
| q=0.75 | −2.81*** (0.90) | −3.12*** (0.79) | −3.42*** (0.77) | −3.47*** (0.78) | |
| q=0.9 | −1.34** (0.66) | −1.84*** (0.70) | −2.24*** (0.87) | −3.10*** (0.97) | |
| SES | Mean | 0.96** (0.38) | 0.30 (0.33) | −1.18* (0.65) | −0.67 (0.76) |
| q=0.1 | 1.01 (0.70) | 0.42 (0.78) | −0.88 (0.8) | −0.75 (1.16) | |
| q=0.25 | 1.11** (0.51) | 0.37 (0.54) | −1.1* (0.62) | −1.15 (0.77) | |
| q=0.5 | 0.73** (0.34) | 0.40 (0.35) | −1.58*** (0.6) | −0.42 (0.82) | |
| q=0.75 | 0.62* (0.36) | 0.22 (0.36) | −0.37 (0.46) | −0.32 (0.67) | |
| q=0.9 | 0.44 (0.28) | 0.33 (0.30) | −0.14 (0.47) | −0.80 (0.87) |
** and ***
indicate p <0.1, <0.05 and <0.01, respectively.
Standard errors are in parentheses. q represents the quantiles of the child development rate.
a
Derived from the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopment Screener. Copyright @ 2004. Harcourt Assessment Inc. Used with Permission. All rights Reserved.