Table A3.

First stage coefficients of the 2SLS model for the child development rate

	Area instrument	Area instrument with SES interaction	Caregiver availability instruments
Area-level investment	0.717*** (0.047)	0.708*** (0.048)
Area-level investment × socioeconomic status		0.059* (0.032)
Primary caregivers-Grandparents			0.100 (0.076)
Primary caregivers-Other relatives			0.413*** (0.112)
African ancestry	−0.191** (0.072)	−0.203*** (0.068)	−0.185* (0.095)
Native ancestry	−0.050 (0.053)	−0.049 (0.053)	−0.035 (0.091)
Socioeconomic status	0.133*** (0.019)	0.136*** (0.018)	0.170*** (0.021)
Maternal mental health problems	−0.110* (0.063)	−0.105 (0.063)	−0.070 (0.081)
Maternal chronic physical health problems	0.092 (0.085)	0.091 (0.086)	0.094 (0.098)
Maternal smoking during prenatal period	0.011 (0.063)	0.008 (0.063)	0.031 (0.068)
Child has private insurance	0.026 (0.063)	0.019 (0.062)	0.034 (0.076)
Maternal age	0.036* (0.020)	0.036* (0.020)	0.031 (0.019)
Maternal age squared	−0.001 (0.0003)	−0.001 (0.0003)	−0.0004 (0.0003)
Mother is single	0.004 (0.059)	0.008 (0.059)	−0.037 (0.077)
Mother is in a stable relationship	−0.036 (0.046)	−0.039 (0.045)	−0.081* (0.045)
Child’s age in months	0.094*** (0.006)	0.094*** (0.006)	0.093*** (0.006)
Male child	−0.067* (0.036)	−0.067* (0.036)	−0.060 (0.037)
Number of child’s siblings	−0.011 (0.022)	−0.011 (0.022)	−0.013 (0.022)
Disabled sibling	−0.038 (0.130)	−0.037 (0.131)	−0.070 (0.145)
Number of other household members	0.007 (0.010)	0.006 (0.009)	0.002 (0.010)
Brazil	−0.086 (0.064)	−0.090 (0.060)	−0.485*** (0.123)
Bolivia	0.041 (0.097)	0.022 (0.088)	0.299 (0.346)
Chile	0.002 (0.064)	−0.008 (0.062)	0.097 (0.228)
Ecuador	−0.089 (0.059)	−0.108* (0.058)	−0.410*** (0.107)
Constant	−1.531*** (0.288)	−1.511*** (0.290)	−1.350*** (0.274)

^{*, ** and ***}indicate p <0.1, <0.05 and <0.01, respectively.

Standard errors are in parentheses.