Table 1. Bivariable associations between owner/pig characteristics and cysticercosis1 infection in pigs from Eastern Cape Province (South Africa) (N = 256)2.
| Risk factor | Category | Infected (n = 146) | Not infected (n = 110) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI)4 | p-value |
| n (%)3 | n (%)3 | ||||
| Veterinary district5 | Umzimukulu | 28 (58) | 20 (42) | 1.17 ( 0.53 , 2.59 ) | 0.691 |
| Maluti | 17 (49) | 18 (51) | 0.79 ( 0.34 , 1.85 ) | 0.590 | |
| Tsolo | 32 (71) | 13 (29) | 2.06 ( 0.89 , 4.78 ) | 0.091 | |
| Qumbu | 29 (73) | 11 (28) | 2.21 ( 0.92 , 5.29 ) | 0.075 | |
| Lusikisiki | 9 (29) | 22 (71) | 0.34 ( 0.14 , 0.86 ) | 0.022 | |
| Mt. Frere | 31 (54) | 26 (46) | Reference | ||
| Breed6 | Cross bred | 18 (40) | 27 (60) | 0.42 ( 0.22 , 0.83 ) | 0.012 |
| Other | 2 (67) | 1 (33) | 1.27 ( 0.08 , 20.97 ) | 0.868 | |
| Hut pig | 123 (61) | 78 (39) | Reference | ||
| Latrine7 | Absent | 82 (66) | 42 (34) | 2.08 ( 1.24 , 3.49 ) | 0.006 |
| Present | 63 (48) | 67 (52) | Reference | ||
| Husbandry system8 | Confined | 23 (56) | 18 (44) | 0.95 ( 0.48 , 1.85 ) | 0.870 |
| Free-ranging/semi-intensive | 123 (57) | 91 (43) | Reference | ||
| Measles given as a main problem with pig rearing9 | Yes | 57 (52) | 53 (48) | 0.67 ( 0.4 , 1.13 ) | 0.131 |
| No | 88 (62) | 55 (38) | Reference | ||
| Source of drinking water10 | Tap water | 27 (54) | 23 (46) | 0.86 ( 0.45 , 1.63 ) | 0.635 |
| Natural sources or boreholes | 118 (58) | 86 (42) | Reference | ||
| Consumption of pork at home11 | Yes | 135 (56) | 104 (44) | Reference | 0.500 |
| No | 6 (67) | 3 (33) | 1.54 ( 0.44 , 5.42 ) | ||
| Meat inspected by a meat inspector12 | Yes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | § | - |
| No | 145 (57) | 109 (43) | Reference | ||
| Pigs slaughtered at home13 | Yes | 142 (57) | 109 (43) | Reference | |
| No | 3 (100) | 0 (0) | § | - |
- not determined, due to cells with zero counts.
Determined using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (B158/B60 Ag-ELISA [18] and HP10 Ag-ELISA [19]–[20]). Infection was defined as a positive result on either of these two ELISA tests.
Analyses were performed using the survey logistic procedure of the SAS/STAT® software to adjust for clusters of pigs within one owner.
(%) refers to row percentages.
CI = Confidence interval.
Type 3 wald statistic had a p-value of 0.003.
Type 3 wald statistic had a p-value of 0.041. Had missing values for n = 7. Other includes other pure bred breeds.
Had missing values for n = 2.
Had missing values for n = 1.
Had missing values for n = 3. Measles are cysts, from the larvae of Taenia solium, observed in pig meat.
Had missing values for n = 2.
Had missing values for n = 8.
Had missing values for n = 2.
Had missing values for n = 2.
Note: no significant associations (p≥0.10) were found between porcine infection and owner or household variables (sex, age, education, years of experience managing pigs, keeping pigs for home consumption), or with awareness questions (knowing what cysts in pork were, knowing how pigs acquired tapeworm, knowing how humans were infected with tapeworm or how to recognize infection, or had heard of persons in the village suffering with epilepsy, headache, or madness).