Table 1.

Methods and results of brain imaging studies

Study	Ref.	Modality	Subject	n	Stimulation device	Stimulation	S1
Talbot et al.	12	PET H215O	Healthy	8	Thermode 1 cm2	42, 47–48°C	Yes
Jones et al.	13	PET15CO2	Healthy	6	Thermode 2.5 cm × 5.0 cm	36.1, 41.3, and 46.4°C	No
Apkarian et al.	14	SPECT	Healthy	—	Water bath	Moderate heat pain	Inhibition
Crawford et al.	24	PET131Xe	Healthy	11	Tourniquet	Ischemia	Yes
Coghill et al.	25	PET H215O	Healthy	9	Thermode, 1 cm2	34, 47–48°C	Yes
Di Piero et al.	26	SPET 133Xn	Healthy	7	Water bath	Cold pressor test	Yes
Derbyshire et al.	27	PET H215O	Facial pain	6	Thermode	Ramp, 25–43°C	No
			Healthy	7
Rosen et al.	28	PET H215O	Angina pectoris	12	Dobutamine infusion	Angina	No
Hsieh et al.	29	PET H215O	Neuropathic	8	None	Spontaneous pain	No
Hsieh et al.	30	PET H215O	Healthy	4	Intracutaneous injection	Ethanol	Yes
Davis et al.	31	fMRI	Healthy	9	Electrical nerve stimulator	Median nerve, 50 Hz	Yes
Weiller et al.	32	PET H215O	Migraine patients	9	None	Spontaneous migraine	No
Howland et al.	33	MEG	Healthy	5	Electrical nerve stimulator	Electric finger shock	Yes
Kitamura et al.	34	MEG	Healthy	5	Electrical nerve stimulator	Electric finger shock	Yes
Craig et al.	35	PET H215O	Healthy	11	Thermal grill	Bars 20 and 40°C	Yes
Casey et al.	36	PET H215O	Healthy	9	Thermode	40 and 50°C	Yes
Casey et al.	36	PET H215O	Healthy	9	Thermode	6, 20°C	Yes
Hsieh et al.	37	PET H215O	Cluster headache	7	Sublinguial nitroglycerin	Headache	No
Andersson et al.	21	PET H215O	Healthy	6	Capsaicin	Intracutaneous	Yes
Antognini et al.	38	fMRI	Healthy	5	Electrical stimulator	Electric hand shock	Yes
Aziz et al.	39	PET H215O	Healthy	8	Balloon	Esophageal distension	Yes
			Cluster headache	7
DiPiero et al.	40	SPECT	Healthy	12	Water bath	Cold pressor	Yes
Rainville et al.	17	PET H215O	Healthy	11	Water bath	35, ≈47°C	Yes
Silverman et al.	41	PET H215O	Healthy	6	Balloon	Rectal distension	No
Svensson et al.	42	PET H215O	Healthy	11	CO2 laser	Cutaneous	Yes, ns
Svensson et al.	43	PET H215O	Healthy	11	Electrical stimulator	Intramuscular	Yes, ns
Xu et al.	44	PET H215O	Healthy	6	CO2 laser	Cutaneous	Yes
Binkofski et al.	45	fMRI	Healthy	5	Balloon	Esophageal distension	Yes
Derbyshire et al.	46	PET H215O	Healthy	6	Thermode	Ramp, 25–43°C	No
Iadarola et al.	47	PET H215O	Healthy	—	Capsaicin	Subcutaneous arm	No
May et al.	48	PET H215O	Healthy	7	Capsaicin	Subcutaneous forehead	No
Oshiro et al.	49	fMRI	Healthy	6	Electrical stimulator	Finger, 8 Hz	Yes
Paulson et al.	50	PET H215O	Healthy	10	Thermode, 254 mm2	40 & 50°C	No

ns, not significant; SPECT, single photon-emission computed tomography; fMRI, functional MRI; MEG, magnetoencephalographic imaging.