Table 1. Characteristics of participants by frailty status (N=374).
| Variables | Robust (n=117) | Pre-frail (n=235) | Frail (n=22) | |
| Mean(SD) or n(%) | Mean(SD) or n(%) | Mean(SD) or n(%) | p | |
| Male | 56(47.9) | 107(45.5) | 14(63.6) | 0.264 |
| Age (years) | 73.3(5.9) | 74.8(6.3) | 79.7(4.9) | <0.001a |
| Living alonec | 20(17.2) | 64(27.7) | 10(45.5) | 0.009 |
| History of falls in the previous year | 10(9.3) | 40(17.5) | 8(36.4) | 0.005b |
| Number of co-morbidities | 1.21(1.19) | 1.52(1.22) | 1.77(1.15) | 0.011a |
| Hypertension | 47(40.2) | 103(44.0) | 10(45.5) | 0.766 |
| Diabetes | 9(7.7) | 23(9.8) | 3(13.6) | 0.545b |
| Cardiovascular disease | 16(13.7) | 41(17.5) | 5(22.7) | 0.449b |
| Arthritis | 3(2.6) | 47(20.1) | 6(27.3) | <0.001b |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 6(5.1) | 20(8.5) | 5(22.7) | 0.030b |
| Depression | 2(1.7) | 19(8.1) | 8(36.4) | <0.001b |
| Frailty phenotype | ||||
| Weakness | - | 84(35.7) | 20(90.9) | |
| Slowness | - | 39(16.6) | 19(86.4) | |
| Exhaustion | - | 165(70.2) | 21(95.5) | |
| Weight loss | - | 10(4.3) | 1(4.5) | |
| Low activity | - | 9(3.8) | 8(36.4) | |
| Health-related quality of life (SF-36) | ||||
| Physical function | 83.3(18.7) | 77.6(20.2) | 54.8(26.16) | <0.001 |
| Role: physical | 75.9(40.7) | 77.1(39.0) | 45.5(48.6) | 0.002 |
| Bodily pain | 80.3(20.5) | 77.1(21.6) | 59.2(17.4) | <0.001 |
| General health | 60.3(11.5) | 60.1(15.2) | 48.7(18.9) | 0.002 |
| Vitality | 77.9(16.4) | 67.8(17.7) | 55.9(19.4) | <0.001 |
| Social function | 91.7(13.4) | 87.7(14.3) | 67.6(21.7) | <0.001 |
| Role: emotional | 92.6(24.8) | 87.4(30.3) | 71.2(44.0) | 0.007 |
| General mental health | 84.2(14.2) | 76.8(13.9) | 67.5(17.3) | <0.001 |
| Physical component scale | 48.6(8.2) | 48.4(8.4) | 39.5(7.8) | <0.001 |
| Mental component scale | 56.8(7.7) | 52.0(8.8) | 43.3(12.3) | <0.001 |
a
Kruskal-Wallis test;
b
Fisher's exact test.
c
Individuals who did not live with spouse, families, or friends were defined as living alone.