Table 1. Sample characteristics as of 1993: Health and Retirement Study respondents born in 1923 or earlier and their states of residence.
| Variables | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|
| Respondents N=6101a | |
| Depression b,i | 0.17 |
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |
| Age (years) | 77.36 (5.69) |
| Female | 0.63 |
| White (non-Hispanic)c | |
| African-American (non-Hispanic)c | 0.05 |
| Hispanicc | 0.13 |
| Education (years in school) | 10.93 (3.69) |
| Wealth, non -housing ($)i | 102,160 (288,783) |
| Income, total household ($)i | 25,739 (54,271) |
| Functional limitations & health | |
| ADL/IADL limitationsd,i | 0.70 (1.38) |
| Cognitive limitationse,i | 15.61 (5.85) |
| No. of health conditions (0 to 8)i | 1.49 (1.21) |
| Family characteristics | |
| Currently marriedc,i | 0.46 |
| Live alonec,i | 0.40 |
| Have any child alivec,i | 0.86 |
| Spouse characteristicsf | |
| Age (years) | 75.32 (4.78) |
| ADL/IADL limitationsd,i | 0.60 (0.86) |
| Cognitive limitationse,i | 14.08 (3.74) |
| No. of medical conditionsi | 1.61 (0.83) |
| Informal help availability | |
| Non-spouse – current/futurec,i | 0.54 |
| Spouse help – currentc,i | 0.10 |
| Rural residencec,i | 0.25 |
| Response patternsc | |
| Participated in all 5 waves | 0.38 |
| Died during the study period | 0.43 |
| Lost to follow-up or missed interview(s)g | 0.19 |
| States N=41 | |
| HCBS expenditures per 65+/year ($)i | 222 (225) |
| GINIh | 0.45 (0.03) |
| Urbanizationh | 79.32 (14.36) |
Notes: SD = standard deviation; HCBS=home and community-based services.
Additional 431 respondents included in our multivariate analysis had missing data or a proxy interview in 1993.
The depression score (8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, range:0-8) was recoded into an indicator variable (1 if the score >=4, 0 otherwise).
Indicator variable (coded 0/1). The mean value indicates the proportion of cases with the attribute indicated by the variable. Standard deviations were omitted.
The number of ADLs (activity of daily living) and IADLs (instrumental ADL) where the respondent had difficulties (range: 0-10).
Scale based on the Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status (range:0-35).
Based on those who had a spouse (N=2,825).
Did not participate in the last interview (2002) and were not reported dead; or participated in the first and last interviews but missed one or more interviews in between.
Source: 2000 Census. http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.
Time-varying variables assessed at each survey wave.