Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline and partial correlations with total carotenoids.
|
|
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Total sample (n=958)
|
Correlation with Total carotenoids
|
|
| Characteristics | ||
| Age (years) | 74.3±6.8 | − 0.05 |
| Sex (F) | 55.7 | 0.15** |
| Education (years) | 5.5±3.3 | 0.01 |
| Alcohol use (≥3 drinks/day) | 15.3 | − 0.04 |
| Smoking habit | − 0.06 | |
| non smoker | 58.5 | |
| former smoker | 27.4 | |
| current smoker | 14.0 | |
| MMSE scores | 25.4±3.1 | 0.03 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | − 0.08* | |
| normal | 28.1 | |
| overweight | 46.4 | |
| obesity | 25.5 | |
| Physical activity | 0.14** | |
| Low | 18.6 | |
| Medium | 76.0 | |
| High | 5.4 | |
| CES-D score | 12.8±8.8 | − 0.09** |
| Antidepressants use | 4.4 | 0.02 |
| Vit supplementation | 3.3 | 0.05 |
| Total carotenoids (μmol/L) | 1.8±0.7 | 1 |
| ADL disabilities | 4.7 | − 0.09** |
| No. of chronic diseases | 1.2±1.0 | − 0.09** |
| Energy intake (Kcal/day) | 1931.5±564.8 | 0.06 |
| CRP (μg/mL) | 2.7 (4.3) | − 0.11** |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.4 (1.3) | − 0.13** |
| IL-1ra (pg/mL) | 132.0 (87.4) | − 0.10** |
Values are shown as means ± SD for continuous variable or percentage for categorical variable; continuous variables with a skewed distribution are shown as median (IQR) and were log-transformed for the analysis.
Partial Correlations based on Pearson or Spearman coefficient as appropriate and adjusted for age and sex.
MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; BMI, Body Mass Index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale; ADL, Activities of Daily Living; CRP, C-Reactive Protein; IL-6, Interleukin 6; IL-1ra, Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01