Table 4.

Genetically engineered mouse models in the pathogenesis of DSS colitis.

GEM model	Background (breeder)	Age gender N	MS	MW of DSS	DSS treatment	End	S	Ref
TLR2−/−
TLR4−/−
TLR2/4−/−	C57BL/10ScSn	N = 10–12	nr	40 kDa	3.5% for 7 days	Day 8	↑	[53]
		5–8 wks
TLR4−/−	C57BL/6J	Male, female			2.5% for 5 days	Day 5
MyD88−/−	(Jax)	N = 5-6	nr	36–50 kDa	2.5% for 5/7 days	Day 12/14	↑	[54]
TLR2−/−
TLR4−/−	F2
MyD88−/−	129/SvJ × C57BL/6		SPF	40 kDa	2% for 7 days	Day 0–28	↑	[33]
		8 wks
		Male			1.2% for 8 days
MyD88−/−	nr	N = 10	SPF	50 kDa	2.5% for 8 days	Day 8	↑	[55]
		10 wks
	C57BL/6	Male						[56, 57]
IL-18Tg	(nr)	N = 20	SPF	50 kDa	2% for 8 days	Day 12	↑
					3 cycles of
	C57BL/6	7–9 wks			2% for 5 days +	Day 5
IL-15−/−	(Taconic)	N = 11	nr	36–50 kDa	5 days of water	Day 25	↓	[58]
	C57BL/6J	Male, female
TNF-α−/−	(Shimizu, Japan)	N = 15	nr	8 kDa	4.5% for 7 days	Day 7	↑	[51]
		8–10 wks
		Male
MRP1−/−	FVB	N = 8	SC	40 kDa	3% for 7days	Day 7	↑	[59]
	C57BL/6	8-9 wks				Day 4, 7
Mtgr1−/−	(nr)	Male, female	nr	40–50 kDa	3% for 4days	Wk 6, 10	↑	[60]
		7-8 wks
	C57BL/6	Male, female			3% for 5 days
SOCS-1+/−	(nr)	N = 14	SPF	36–50 kDa	(4% for 7 days)	Day 14	↑	[61]
					5 cycles of
	C57BL/6J	8–12 wk			2% for 7 days +
IRF-1−/−	(Jax)	N = 15	nr	40 kDa	7 days of water	Wk 10	↑	[62]
		8–10 wk
		Female
PPARγΔIEpC	nr	N = 20	nr	35–40 kDa	2.5% for 7 days	Day 7	↑	[63]
	C57BL/6J
PPARγΔCD4+	(nr)	N = 34	nr	36–44 kDa	2.5% for 7 days	Day 0,2,7	↑	[64]
	C57BL/6
TPH1−/−	(Taconic)	N = 10	nr	40 kDa	5% for 5 days	Day 5	↓	[65]
Bk2R−/−	C57BL/6	8–12 wk					ns
C3−/−	(Jax)	N = 8	nr	36–40 kDa	3% for 10 days	Day 10	↓	[45]
	C57BL/6	Male, female
iNOS−/−	(Jax)	N = 5	nr	40 kDa	2.5% for 9 days	Day 3,9	↓	[49, 50]
eNOS−/−							↓
nNOS−/−	129/Sv × C57BL/6	Male, female					↑
e/nNOS−/−	(Jax)	N = 5	nr	40 kDa	2.5% for 9 days	Day 3,9	ns	[49]
		5–10 wks
	C57BL/6	Female
APN−/−	(nr)	N = 5–7	nr	40 kDa	2% for 5 days	Day 5,10	↓	[66]
		8–10 wks
	C57BL/6J	Male
APN−/−	(Clea Japan)	N = 11	SPF	36–50 kDa	0.5% for 15 days	Day 15	↑	[67]
VhlΔF/F						Day 5	↑
Hif-1αΔF/F		6–8 wk			2.5% or 5% for	1 year	ns
ArntΔF/F	nr	nr	nr	35–40 kDa	5 days		ns	[68]

GEM: genetically engineered mice, N: number of mice pre group, MS: microbiological state, MW: molecular weight, S: susceptibility to DSS in comparison to wild-type mice (mice of the same strain without deletion), ↓: significantly lower, SFP: specific pathogen-free conditions, SC: standard conditions, ns: nonsignificant, nr: not reported, ↑: significantly higher, wk: week, TLR: toll-like receptor, MyD88: myeloid differential protein, IL: interleukine, MRP: multi drug resistant protein, Mtgr: myeloid translocation gene related-1, SOCS: suppressor of cytokine signaling, IRF: Interferon regulatory factor, PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, TPH: tryptophan hydroxylase, Bk2R: bradykinin type 2 receptor, C3: complement, APN: adiponectine, Vhl: von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein, Hif: hypoxia-inducible factor, Arnt: aryl hydrocarbon nuclear translocator.