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The timing residuals from a constant period for KOI-1081.01 (Upper) and Kepler-23b (Lower). KOI-1081 is the only system in the sample of isolated hot Earths where the F-ratio test rejects a constant-period model [p = 0.013( < 0.1)], whereas Kepler-23b is an example of a hot Earth in a known multiple system with a similar TTV signal induced by a small, near-resonant planetary companion.
