Table 1.
Summary
| Patient number | Age at surgery (years) | Gender | Medications at the time of surgery | Placement of subdural electrodes | Surgical resection | Pathology | Olfactory symptom elicited by stimulation of the ventral surface of frontal lobe (stimulus intensity) | Motor symptom elicited by stimulation of the Rolandic area (stimulus intensity) | Somatosensory symptom elicited by stimulation of the Rolandic area (stimulus intensity) | Visual symptom elicited by stimulation of the occipital lobe (stimulus intensity) | Auditory or language symptom elicited by stimulation of the temporal and frontal lobes (stimulus intensity) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #1 | 5 | Male | OXC; VPA; LEV | Lt FTPO | Lt F | Cortical dysplasia | Bad smell (6 mA) | Hand twitching (6 mA) | Mouth tingling (6 mA) | Eye deviation without reporting a visual perception (6 mA) | Receptive aphasia (6 mA) |
| #2 | 8 | Male | OXC | Lt FTPO | Lt T | Tumor | Garbage like bad smell (4 mA) | Mouth twitching (3 mA); Hand twitching (3 mA); Leg twitching (3 mA) | Mouth tingling (3 mA); Hand tingling (3 mA) | Phosphene (3 mA) | Receptive aphasia (4 mA); Expressive aphasia (4 mA) |
| #3 | 8 | Male | CBZ; LCM | Rt FTPO | Rt FT | Cortical dysplasia | Not reported (6 mA) | Mouth twitching (6 mA); Hand twitching (3 or 6 mA); Leg twitching (3 mA) | Not reported (6 mA) | Eye deviation without reporting a visual perception (6 mA) | Not reported (6 mA) |
| #4 | 9 | Female | VPA; VGB | Lt FTPO | Lt F | Cortical tubers | Not reported (9 mA) | Mouth twitching (9 mA); Hand twitching (9 mA); Leg twitching (9 mA) | Mouth tingling (6 or 9 mA) | Phosphene (9 mA) | Expressive aphasia (9 mA) |
| #5 | 10 | Male | VPA; LCM | Rt FTPO | Rt PT | Cortical dysplasia | Bad smell (3 mA) | Hand twitching (3 or 6 mA); Leg twitching (3 mA) | Hand tingling (3 mA); Leg tingling (3 mA) | Phosphene (6 mA) | Not reported (6 mA) |
| #6 | 10 | Male | OXC | Rt FTPO | MSTs on Rt FP | Arachnoid cyst | Smells like smoke (3 mA) | Mouth twitching (6 mA); Hand twitching (3 or 6 mA) | Mouth tingling (3 or 6 mA); Hand tingling (6 mA) | Phosphene (3 mA) | Not reported (6 mA) |
| #7 | 11 | Female | OXC; LEV | Rt FTPO | Rt FT | Cortical dysplasia | Smells like sweet strawberries (6 mA) | Hand twitching (3 mA); Leg twitching (6 mA) | Mouth tingling (6 mA); Hand tingling (3 mA) | Phosphene (6 mA) | Hearing sounds (6 mA) |
| #8 | 12 | Male | VPA; LEV | Lt FTPO | Lt T | Gliosis | Smelling of smoke (3 mA) | Hand twitching (6 mA); Eye deviation (6 mA) | Mouth tingling (6 mA); Hand tingling (3 or 6 mA) | Phosphene (3 mA) | Receptive aphasia (6 mA) |
| #9 | 14 | Male | OXC; PHT | Lt FTP; Rt FTPO | Rt T | Gliosis | Bad smell (3 mA) | Mouth twitching (6 mA); Hand twitching (3 or 6 mA); Eye deviation (6 mA) | Mouth tingling (6 or 9 mA) | Phosphene (6 mA) | Expressive aphasia (6 mA) |
| #10 | 14 | Female | OXC | Lt FTPO | Lt T | Gliosis | Bad smell (6 mA) | Mouth twitching (6 mA); Hand twitching (3 or 6 mA); Eye deviation (6 mA) | Mouth tingling (6 mA) | Phosphene (3 mA) | Hearing sounds (6 mA); Receptive aphasia (6 mA); Expressive aphasia (6 mA) |
| #11 | 14 | Female | OXC; TPM | Lt FTPO | Lt T | Tumor | Smells like good food (6 mA) | Mouth twitching (3 mA); Hand twitching (3 mA) | Mouth tingling (3 mA); Hand tingling (3 or 6 mA) | Phosphene (6 mA) | Hearing sounds (6 mA); Receptive aphasia (6 mA); Expressive aphasia (3 or 6 mA) |
| #12 | 14 | Male | OXC; LEV | Lt FTP | Lt F | Gliosis | Bad smell (6 mA) | Mouth twitching (6 mA); Hand twitching (3 mA) | Mouth tingling (6 mA); Hand tingling (3 mA) | Not stimulated | Receptive aphasia (6 mA); Expressive aphasia (6 mA) |
| #13 | 15 | Male | LTG; LEV | Lt FTP | Lt T | Tumor | Not reported (6 mA) | Mouth twitching (3 mA) | Not reported (6 mA) | Not stimulated | Hearing sounds (3 mA); Receptive aphasia (3 mA); Expressive aphasia (3 mA) |
| #14 | 15 | Male | VPA | Lt FTPO | Lt T | Gliosis, Hippocampal sclerosis | Not reported (6 mA) | Mouth twitch (3 mA); Eye deviation (6 mA) | Mouth tingling (3 mA) | Phosphene (3 mA) | Receptive aphasia (3mA); Expressive aphasia (3mA) |
| #15 | 17 | Male | OXC; LEV | Lt FTPO | Lt T | Cortical dysplasia | Unpleasant, bitter smelling (3 mA) | Mouth twitching (3 mA); Hand twitching (3 mA); Eye deviation (6 mA) | Not reported (6 mA) | Phosphene (3 mA) | Hearing sounds (6 mA); Receptive aphasia (6 mA); Expressive aphasia (6 mA) |
| #16 | 17 | Male | OXC; LTG | Lt FTPO | Lt F | Gliosis | Not reported (6 mA) | Hand twitching (3 mA); Leg twitching (3 mA) | Mouth tingling (3 mA); Leg tingling (3 mA) | Not reported (6 mA) | Expressive aphasia (3 mA) |
LEV: Levetiracetam. LTG: Lamotrigine. LCM: Lacosamide. CBZ: Carbamazepine. OXC: Oxcarbazepine. TPM: Topiramate. VPA: Valproate. VGB: Vigabatrin. Lt: Left. Rt: Right. F: Frontal. T: Temporal. O: Occipital. P: Parietal. MSTs: Multiple subpial transactions.