Schematic showing polyelectrolyte immobilization within membrane pores, derivatization of the surface layer of PAA with NTA-Ni2+ complexes, and protein binding to the modified membrane. Abbreviations: PAA- poly(acrylic acid), PAH- protonated poly(allylamine), NHS- N-hydroxysuccinimide, EDC- N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride NTA- nitrilotriacetate, HisU- His-tagged ubiquitin.