Table 1.
Preclinical publications concerning focal laser ablation.
| Reference Year |
Type of preclinical model | Wavelength Type of laser source |
Energy (Joules) Power (Watt) Time (seconds) |
Type of imagery control | Delay between procedure and histopathologic examination | Dimension of thermal necrosis | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Johnson et al. 1994 [2] | Dog (x9) | 1064 nm (Neodymium YAG) |
3000 J 10 W 300 sec |
No imagery control | 3 hours to 35 days | 13–20 × 17–25 mm (median: 15 × 23 mm) |
Immediate coagulation > 60°C Progressive coagulation 42–60°C |
| Peters et al. 2000 [3] | Dog (x2) | 830 nm (diode laser) | 449–751 J 10–15 W 180–300 sec |
1.5 T MRI control (thermometry) |
4 hours and 24 hours | 120–260 mm3 | Feasibility of MRI guidance and thermal monitoring |
| Fuentes et al. 2009 [4] | Dog (x2) | 980 nm (diode laser) |
450 J 5 W 90 s |
1.5 T MRI control (thermometry, cellular damage, HSP production and cell viability planification) |
immediately after | >12 × 12 × 12 mm | Good correlation between cellular damage planification and histopathology |
| Stafford et al. 2010 [5] | Dog (x7) 5 without tumour 2 with orthotopic tumour |
980 nm (diode laser) |
462–3460 J 4–14.3 W 40–524 s |
1.5 T MRI control (thermometry, cellular damage planification) |
immediately after | 12.4–26.7 × 11.4–15.5 mm (median: 19–13.7 mm) |
Accuracy of MRI template guidance Excellent correlation of planification with histopathology |
| Colin et al. Marqa et al. 2011 [6, 7] |
Rat (x10) with heterotopic tumour |
980 nm (diode laser) |
375 J 5 W 75 s |
7.0 T MRI control (cellular damage planification) |
48 hours | 923–1125 mm3
(median: 974 mm3) |
Reproducibility for one level of energy Good correlation of planification and histopathology |
| Fuentes et al. 2009 [4] | Ex vivo canine prostate in 1% agar gel | 980 nm (diode laser) |
240 J 8 W 30 s |
1.5 T MRI control (thermometry, cellular damage planification) |
— | — | MRI calibration for in vivo experiments |
| Lindner et al. 2010 [10] | Gelatine phantom With tumor target of 5 cm3 |
980 nm (diode laser) |
— | 1.5 T MRI control (thermometry) ultrasonography CT scan Fluoroptic temperature probes |
— | — | MRI, US, CTS compatible phantom Good correlation between MRI and fluoroptic thermometry |
| Woodrum et al. 2010 [11] | Cadavers (x5) 3 fixed in Formaldehyde 2 fresh |
980 nm (diode laser) |
1800–3600 J 15–30 W 120 s |
3.0 T MRI control (thermometry and cellular damage planification) | — | 22–27 × 23–28 mm | Feasibility of transperineal 3.0 T MRI guidance and real-time control |