Table 2.
Clinical trials concerning focal laser ablation of prostate cancer.
| Reference Year |
Number of patients | Wavelength Type of laser source |
Number of fibers | Energy (Joules) Power (Watt) Time (seconds) |
Type of real-time imagery control | Adverse events | Visible dimension of thermal necrosis | Carcinologic results or conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amin et al. 1994 [12] |
1 patient | 805 nm (Diomed diode laser) | 3 | 3000 J 2 W 500 sec |
US and CT scan |
Mild dysuria | Unknown | Feasibility of FLA Biopsies at 10 days: necrotic tissue in targeted area, cancer cells in other areas |
| Atri et al. 2009 [13] Lindner et al. 2009 [14] |
12 patients | 830 nm (Indigo diode laser) |
1 or 2 | 2880 J 2–15 W (temperature control at 100°C) 720 sec |
CEUS and fluoroptic temperature probes 7-day follow-up 1.5T MRI |
Perineal discomfort (3 patients) Mild hematuria (2 patients) Hematospermia (2 patients) Fatigue (1 patient) |
300–4000 mm3 | Biopsies at 6 months: 67% of patients free of tumour in the targeted area 50% of patients free of disease |
| Raz et al. 2010 [15] | 2 patients | 980 nm (Visualase diode laser) | ≥2 | Unknown | 3D 1.5 T MRI control (thermometry, cellular damage planification) and CEUS just after procedure 15-day follow-up 1.5T MRI |
No adverse event | Unknown | Feasibility of immediately repeated therapy |
| Lindner et al. 2010 [8, 9] | 4 patients | 980 nm (Visualase diode laser) | 2 or 3 | 3260–5900 J | CEUS and fluoroptic temperature probes 7-day 1.5T MRI control followed by radical prostatectomy |
Not described | 2500–4500 mm3 | Strong correlation between MRI findings and vital stain histopathology images (Pearson's correlation index = 0.89) |
| Lindner et al. 2011 [16] | 2 patients | 980 nm (Visualase diode laser) | Unknown | Unknown | 3D robotic 1.5 T MRI control (thermometry, cellular damage planification) | Improvement of IPSS score (1 patient) No change of IIEF-5 score |
8700–9300 mm3 | Safe and precise robotic guidance of laser fiber Possible oblique insertion angles to provide adequate dose |
| Woodrum et al. 2011 [17] | 1 patient with local recurrence of prostate cancer after prostatectomy | 980 nm (Visualase diode laser) | 2 | Unknown | 3 T MRI control (thermometry, cellular damage planification) | No change of potency or continence | Unknown | Feasibility of FLA for local recurrence of prostate cancer |