Table 1.
Natural Products of Endophytic Microorganismsa
| microbial strainb | plant host(s) (family)b; plant part or tissue | culture conditionsc | natural product(s)d | biological activity | refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acremonium zeae (NRRL 13540) (mitosporic Hypocreales) | Zea maydis L. (maize) (Poaceae); kernel | whole maize kernel in d. H2O; 25 °C; 30 days | pyrrocidine A (106a) pyrrocidine B (106b) |
antibacterial; antifungal | 21 |
| Aspergillus clavatus strain H-037 (Trichocomaceae) | Taxus mairei (Lemée & Lév.) and Torreya grandis Arn. (Taxaceae); bark | PDA; 25 °C; 7 days | brefeldin A (10) | antifungal; antiviral; anticancer; weed management | 8b–8e |
| Aspergillus fumigatus CY018 (Trichocomaceae) | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae); leaf | millet medium (solid); 28 °C; 35 days | asperfumoid (89)* asperfumin (37c)* monomethylsulochrin (37b) fumigaclavine C (91) fumitremorgin C (92) physcion (40a) ergosterol (68) helvolic acid (67) 5α,8α-epidioxyergosterol (69) cyclo (Ala-Leu) (110e) cyclo (Ala-Ile) (110f) |
antifungal; mycotoxin antifungal; mycotoxin | 22 |
| Aspergillus niger IFB-E003 (Trichocomaceae) | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae); leaf | millet-bran medium (solid); 28 °C; 30 days | rubrofusarin B (47) fonsecinone A (48) aurasperone A (49) asperpyrone B (50) |
cytotoxic; xanthine oxidase inhibitor antifungal; xanthine oxidase inhibitor |
23 |
| Aspergillus parasiticus RDWD1-2 (Trichocomaceae) | Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. (Taxodiaceae); bark | DIFCO mycological broth; 19 days; mycelial extract | sequoiatone C (84a)* sequoiatone D (84b)* sequoiatone E (84c)* sequoiatone F (84d)* |
toxic to brine shrimp toxic to brine shrimp toxic to brine shrimp toxic to brine shrimp |
24a |
| DIFCO mycological broth; 21 days; mycelial extract | sequoiamonascin A (85a)* sequoiamonascin B (85b)* sequoiamonascin C (86)* sequoiamonascin D (87)* |
toxic to brine shrimp; cytotoxic toxic to brine shrimp; cytotoxic toxic to brine shrimp toxic to brine shrimp |
24b | ||
| Aspergillus sp. (Strain #CY725) (Trichocomaceae) | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae); leaf | PDB; 28 °C; 4 days | monomethylsulochrin (37b) helvolic acid (67) ergosterol (68) 5α,8α-epidioxyergosterol (69) |
antibacterial; eosinophil inhibitor antibacterial |
25, 60 |
| Botrytis sp. (Sclerotiniaceae) | Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (Taxaceae); bark | DIFCO mycological broth; still culture; 21 days | ramulosin (34a) 6-hydroxyramulosin (34b) 8-dihydroramulosin (34c)* |
antibiotic antibiotic antibiotic |
26 |
| Cephalosporium sp. IFB-E001 (mitosporic Hypocreales) | Trachelospermum jasminoides Lemoire (Apocynaceae); vine | millet-bran (solid) medium; 28 °C; 30 days | graphislactone A (23) | antioxidant; free radical scavenger | 27 |
| Cephalosporium sp. (mitosporic Hypocreales) | Dendrobium nobile Sw. (Orchidaceae); root | wheat bran (liquid) medium; 25°C; 7 days | ergosterol (68) cyclo (Gly-Val) (110a) butanedioic acid choline sulfate 2-[2-(hydroxyl-tetracosanoyl) amino]-1,3,4-octadecatriol leucine d-mannitol meso-erythritol pyridine-3-carboxylic acid α-stearin uracil |
28 | |
| Ceratopycnidium baccharidicola (Ascomycetes, Incerte sedis) | Baccharis cordifolia L. (Asteraceae); stem and leaf | YES medium; Myro medium; rice solid medium; 24–27°C; 30 days | rodicins verrucarins |
toxic to livestock toxic to livestock |
29 |
| Chaetomium chiversii CS-36-62 (Chaetomiaceae) | Ephedra fasciculata A. Nels (Ephedraceae); stem | PDA; 27°C; 14 days | radicicol (30b) | cytotoxic; Hsp90 inhibitor | 30 |
| Chaetomium globosum (Chaetomiaceae) | Ephedra fasciculata A. Nels (Ephedraceae); stem | PDB; 26 °C; 15 days | orsellinic acid (17a) globosumone A (17b)* globosumone B (17c)* globosumone C (17d)* trichodion (80) orcinol |
cytotoxic cytotoxic |
31 |
| Cladosporium herbarum IFB-E002 (Mycosphaerellaceae) | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae); leaf | millet-bran medium; 28 °C; 35 days | aspernigrin A (88) rubrofusarin B (47) |
cytotoxic; xanthine oxidase inhibitor |
32 |
| fonsecinone A (49) 3α,5α ,6β-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-diene (70) 7-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-methylcoumarin (51a) orlandin (52a) kotanin (52b) |
plant growth inhibitor | ||||
| Colletotrichum sp. strain EG4 (Phyllachoraceae) | Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae); leaf | PDB; 28 °C; 6 days | flavone-like compounds | 33 | |
| Cytospora sp. CR 200 (Valsaceae) | Conocarpus erecta L. (Combretaceae); stem | PDB | cytosporone A (26a)* cytosporone B (26b)* cytosporone C (27a)* cytosporone D (27b)* cytosporone E (28)* cytoskyrin A (41)* cytoskyrin B (42)* |
antifungal; cytotoxic antibacterial |
34a, 35 34b |
| Diaporthe sp. CR 146 (Valsaceae) | Forsteronia spicata G. Meyer (Apocynaceae); stem | PDB | cytosporone A (26a) cytosporone B (26b) cytosporone C (27a) cytosporone D (27b) cytosporone E (28) |
antifungal; cytotoxic antibacterial |
34 35 |
| Dothiorella sp. strain HTF3 (Botryosphaeriaceae) | Aegiceras corniculatum Gaertner. (Myrsinaceae) (Mangrove); bark | PDB; 25 °C; 7 days | cytosporone B (26b) dothiorelone A (26c)* dothiorelone B (26d)* dothiorelone C (26e)* dothiorelone D (27c)* |
antifungal; cytotoxic cytotoxic cytotoxic cytotoxic cytotoxic |
35 |
| Eupenicillium sp. (Trichocomaceae) | Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae); leaf | white-corn medium; 20 days | alanditrypinone (96)* alantryphenone (97)* alantrypinene (98)* alantryleunone (99)* |
36 | |
| Fusarium oxysporum strain 97CG3 (mitosporic Hypocreales) | Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (Apocynaceae); inner bark | mineral medium; 25 °C; 3-4 days | vincristine | anticancer | 37 |
| Fusarium sp. IFB-121 (mitosporic Hypocreales) | Quercus variabilis L. (Fagaceae); bark | PDB; 28 °C; 6 days | cerebroside 4a fusaruside (4b)* |
antibacterial; xanthine oxidase inhibitor antibacterial; xanthine oxidase inhibitor |
38 |
| Fusidium sp. (Mitosporic fungi) | Mentha avensis L. (Lamiaceae); leaf | biomalt semi-solid agar; or liquid biomalt; 20 °C; 11 days | fusidilactone A (11a)* fusidilactone B (11b)* fusidilactone C (12)* cis-4-hydroxy-6-deoxyscytalone (79) |
39 | |
| Guignardia sp. (Botryosphaeriaceae) | Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae); leaf | malt-peptone-glucose broth; 14 days | (–)-(S)-guignardic acid (72)* | 40 | |
| Hormonema sp. ATCC 74360 (Dothioraceae) | Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae); leaf | brown rice yeast solid medium; 25 °C; 21 days | enfumafungin (66)* | antifungal | 41 |
| Leptosphaeria sp. strain IV403 (Leptosphaeriaceae) | Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae); stem | PDB; 28 °C; 10 days | leptosphaeric acid (57)* leptosphaerone (82)* |
42a 42b |
|
| Melanconium betulinium (Melanconidaceae) | Betula pendula Roth; B. pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae); above-ground parts | YMG medium; 22 °C; until carbon source completely consumed | 3-hydroxypropionic acid | nematocidal | 43 |
| Microsphaeropsis olivacea (mitosporic Ascomycota) | Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florine (Cupressaceae) [Gymnosperm]; phloem | rice medium; 25 °C; 30 days | 7-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-3(2H)-benzofuranone (20a)* enalin (20b) graphislactone A (23) botrallin (24) ulocladol (25) 2,5-diacetylphenol butyrolactone I (73) |
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor acetylcholinestase (AChE) inhibitor |
44 |
| Microsphaeropsis sp. strain NRRL 15684 (mitosporic Ascomycota) | Buxus sempervirens L. (Buxaceae); leaf | SL medium; 24 °C; 13 days | lactone S 39163/F-I (83)* | antimicrobial; antiviral | 45 |
| Monochaetia sp. (Amphisphaeriaceae) | several rain forest plants; leaf, stem, petiole | M1D medium supplemented with soytone; 23–24 °C; 21 days | ambuic acid (75)* | antimycotic | 56 |
| Muscodor albus (mitosporic Xylariales) | Cinnamomum zeylanicum Schaelter. (Lauraceae); stem | PDA | volatile antibiotics | antibiotic | 46 |
| Mycelia sterila strain 4567 (Ascomycota) | Cirsium arvense (Canadian thistle) (Asteraceae); ns | malt-soya and biomalt semisolid agar; 130 days | 3-acetyl-6-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran* 3-(3′,5′-dihydroxy-2′-methylphenyl)-2-butanone (19a)* 4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-5-methylisocoumarin (31b) 4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylisocoumarin (31c)* 3,4-dihydro-3,6,8-trihydroxy-3,5-dimethylisocoumarin (31d)* 6,8-diacetoxy-3,5-dimethylisocoumarin (32d) |
47 | |
| Mycelia sterilia (Ascomycota) | Atropa belladonna L. (Solanaceae); root | malt-soya and biomalt semisolid agar; RT; 70 days | preussomerin G (43a) preussomerin H (43b) preussomerin I (43c) preussomerin J (43d)* preussomerin K (43e)* preussomerin L (44)* |
antibacterial; antifungal; FPTase inhibitor antibacterial; antifungal antibacterial; antifungal antibacterial; antifungal antibacterial; antifungal antibacterial; antifungal |
48 |
| Nectria galligena (Nectriaceae) | Malus × domestica Borkch (apple) (Rosaceae); xylem | MGP medium; 24 °C; until all glucose consumed | colletorin B (76a) colletochlorin B (76b) ilicicolin C (77a) ilicicolin E (77b) ilicicolin F (77c) α,β-dehydrocurvularin (29b) |
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor; β-glucuronidase inhibitor antibacterial; AChE inhibitor; β-glucuronidase inhibitor antibacterial; AChE inhibitor; β-glucuronidase inhibitor cytotoxic; seed germination radicle and epicotyl growth inhibitor |
49 |
| Nodulisporium sp. MF 5954, ATCC 74245 (microsporic Xylariales) | Bontia daphnoides L. (Scrophulariaceae); wood | nutrient medium; 25 °C; 21–28 days | nodulisporic acid A (94) nodulisporic acid A1 (95a)* nodulisporic acid A2 (95b)* |
insecticidal insecticidal |
50 |
| Paecilomyces sp. H-036 and W-001 (Trichocomaceae) | Taxus mairei (Lemée & Lév) and Torreya grandis Arn. (Taxaceae); bark | PDA; 25 °C; 7 days | brefeldin A (10) | antifungal; antiviral; anticancer; weed management | 8b |
| Penicillium implicatum (isolate SJ21) (Trichocomaceae) | Diphylleia sinensis H. L. Li (Berberidaceae); root; rhizome, petiole | MM medium; 28 °C; 6 days | substance analogous to podophyllotoxin | anticancer | 51 |
| Penicillium janczewskii (Trichocomaceae) | Prumnopitys andina (Endl.) Laubenf. (Podocarpaceae); phloem | PDB: 25°C; 23 days | peniprequinolone (90) gliovictin (111) mellein (31a) |
nematicidal; root growth accelerator; weakly cytotoxic antibacterial; antiviral; phytotoxic |
52 |
| Periconia sp. OBW-15 (Halosphaeriaceae) | Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. (Taxaceae); inner bark | S-7 (liquid) medium (still culture); 25 °C; 21 days | periconicin A (65a)* periconicin B (65b)* |
antimycotic; hypocotyl elongation and root growth inhibitor; root growth accelerator (at low conc.) hypocotyl elongation and root growth inhibitor; root growth accelerator (at low conc.) |
53 |
| Pestalotiopsis jesteri (Amphisphaeriaceae) | Fragraea bodenii Thunb. (Gentianaceae); inner bark | M1D agar medium; 23 °C; 21 days | jesterone (74a)* hydroxyjesterone (74b)* |
antifungal; antimycotic | 54 |
| Pestalotiopsis microspora (Amphisphaeriaceae) | Terminalia morobensis L. (Combretaceae); stem | M1D medium (still culture); 23°C; 21 days M1D medium (still culture); 23 °C; 35 days |
pestacin (21)* isopestacin (22)* |
antimycotic; antioxidant antifungal; antioxidant |
55 55b |
| Pestalotiopsis spp. (Amphisphaeriaceae) | several rain forest plants; leaf, stem, petiole | M1D medium (supplemented with soytone); 23–24 °C; 21 days | ambuic acid (75)* | antimycotic | 56 |
| Phomopsis phaseoli (Valsaceae) | tropical tree; leaf | YMG medium; 22 °C; until carbon source completely consumed | 3-hydroxypropionic acid | nematicidal | 43 |
| Phomopsis sp. (Valsaceae) | Erythrina crista-galli L. (Fabaceae); twig (dead) | KGA medium; RT; 39 days | phomol (5)* | antibacterial; antifungal; anti-inflammatory (mouse ear edema assay); weakly cytotoxic | 57 |
| Phyllosticta capitalensis (telemorph Guignardia mangiferae) (Botryosphaeriaceae) | temperate and tropical wood trees; leaf | PDA (2% Bactoagar); 26 °C; 10 days | melanin | 58 | |
| Pseudomassaria sp. ATCC 74411 (Hyponectriaceae) | unidentified plant (collected near Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo); leaf | WBE broth; 25 °C; 21 days | demethylasterriquinone B1 (DMAQ-B1) (100c)* asterriquinone 100d asterriquinone 100e [oxidation product (103)] [oxidation product (104)] [decomposition product (105)] |
insulin receptor activator | 59 |
| Rhizoctonia sp. Cy064 (mitosporic Hymemomycetes) | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae); leaf | grain-bran-yeast medium; 28 °C; 40 days | rhizoctonic acid (37a)* monomethylsulochrin (37b) ergosterol (68) 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxergosta-7,22-diene (70) |
weakly antibacterial weakly antibacterial weakly antibacterial weakly antibacterial |
60 |
| Serratia marcescens MSU-97 (Enterobacteriaceae) | Rhyncholacis penicillata Tul. (Podostemaceae); ns | PD-soytone-yeast extract medium; 23 °C; 15 days | (–)-oocydin A (9)* | antifungal | 61, 18b |
| Scytalidium sp. (mitosporic Ascomycota) | Salix sp. (Salicaceae); leaf | malt-soya and biomalt semi-solid agar; RT; 111 days | 4,6-dihydroxy-3-methyl-2-(2-oxopropionyl)-benzoic acid (19b)* 2-(1 -acetyl-2-hydroxyvinyl)-4,4-dihydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid (19c)* 4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-5-methylisocoumarin (31c) 4-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-6,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxy-5-methylisocoumarin (31d) decarboxycitrinone (32e) 6,8-dihydroxy-4-hydroxymethyl-3,5-dimethylisochromen-1-one (32f)* 4-acetoxymethyl-6,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethylisochromen-1-one (32g)* 4-acetyl-6,8-dihydroxy-5-methyl-2-benzopyran-1-one (32h) (+)-dihydronaphtho(1,2-b)furan-5,6-dicarboxylic anhydride (45) acetone adduct of atronenetinone (46a) |
62 | |
| Streptomyces aureofaciens CMUAc130 (Streptomycetaceae) | Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae); root | ISP-2 broth; 30 °C; 5 days | 5,7-dimethoxy-4-phenylcoumarin (51b) 5,6-dimethoxy-4-(p-methoxyphenyl) coumarin (51c) vanillin 3-methoxy-4-hydroxytoluene |
antifungal antifungal weakly antifungal weakly antifungal |
63 |
| Streptomyces griseus subsp. (strain HKI0412) (Streptomycetaceae) | Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (Rhizophoraceae) [Mangrove]; stem | medium 1; 28 °C; 5 days | 7-(4-aminophenyl)-2,4-dimethyl-7-oxo-hept-5-enoic acid (71a)* 9-(4-aminophenyl)-7-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethyl-9-oxo-non-2-enoic acid (71b)* 12-(4-aminophenyl)-10-hydroxy-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-7,9-dimethyl-12-oxo-dodeca-2,4-dienoic acid (71c)* |
64 | |
| Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30562 (Streptomycetaceae) | Kennedia nigricans Lindley (Fabaceae); stem | PDB still culture; 23 °C; 21 days | munumbacins A–D (peptides)* | antibiotic | 65 |
| Streptomyces sp. NRRL 30566 (Streptomycetaceae) | Grevillea pteridifolia J. Knight (Proteaceae); stem | DIFCO nutrient broth; 25 °C; 3 days | kakadumycin A (peptide)* | antibiotic | 66 |
| Streptomyces sp. MSU-2110 (Streptomycetaceae) | Monstera sp. (Araceae); stem | PSNB medium, still culture; 25 °C; 21–28 days | coronamycin (peptide)* | antibiotic | 67 |
| Xylaria sp. No. 2508 (Xylariaceae) | unidentified mangrove tree; seed | dextrose (1.2%), yeast extract (0.1%), peptone (0.2%), NaCl (3.0%); 30 °C; 86 h | piliformic acid (1) ergosterol (68) 3β,5α,6β-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-diene (70) α-glycerol monopalmitate p-hydroxybenzoic acid |
73 | |
| unidentified fungus CR115 (90% similarity to an uncharacterized oat root Basidiomycete) | Daphnopsis americana (Miller) J. S. Johnson (Thymelaeaceae); ns | PDB | guanacastepene A (58a) guanacastepene B (59)* guanacastepene C (58b)* guanacastepene D (60)* guanacastepene E (61a)* guanacastepene F (61b)* guanacastepene G (61c)* guanacastepene H (62)* guanacastepene I (61d)* guanacastepene J (61e)* guanacastepene K (63)* guanacastepene L (64a)* guanacastepene M (64b)* guanacastepene N (61f)* guanacastepene O (61g)* |
antibacterial antibacterial |
68 |
| unidentified fungus No. 1893 | Kandelia candel (DC) Wight & Arn. (Rhizophoraceae); dropper | GYT broth; 30 °C; 5–7 days | lactone 1893 A (7)* lactone 1893 B (8)* cyclo (Phe-Gly) (110b) cyclo (Ser-Leu) (110g) 5 -(p-hydroxybenzyl)hydantoin |
69a | |
| unidentified fungus strain SWS11I1 (DAOM 221611) | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. (Pinaceae); needles | MEA medium; 20 °C; 12 days | vermiculin (6) trans-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (13a)* trans-8-hydroxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (13b)* trans-8-acetoxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (13c)* trans-9-hydroxy-3-methyl-8-oxo-dodec-trans-6-en-4-olide (13d)* trans, 8,9-dihydroxy-3-methyldodec-cis-6-en-4-olide (13e)* trans-9-hydroxy-8-oxo-3-methyldodecan-4-olide (14a)* trans-7,9-dihydroxy-3-methyl-8-oxo-dodecan-4-olide (14b)* trans-6-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-7-oxo-dodecan-4-olide (15)* 7α,8β-11-trihydroxydrimane (53) 10,11-dihydroxyfarnesic acid (54) |
70 | |
| unidentified fungus strain SWS 2611L (DAOM 229664) | Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. (Pinaceae); needles | CZ Met medium and 2% malt extract medium; 20 °C; 42 days | 6,7-dihydroxy-2-propyl-2,4-octadien-4-olide (16)* 5,6,8-trihydroxy-4-(1′-hydroxyethyl) isocoumarin (32i)* sescandelin (32j) sescandelin B (32k) 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyacetanilide |
toxic to spruce budworm, cell line CF-1 weakly toxic to spruce budworm cell line CF-1 weakly toxic to spruce budworm cell line CF-1 weakly toxic to spruce budworm cell line CF-1 |
70 |
| unidentified fungus No. 2524 | Avicennia marina Forssk. (Acanthaceae); seed (Mangrove) | GPY broth (containing 20% sea water); 28 °C; 5–7 days | (3S,4R)-dihydroxy-(6S)-undecyl-α-pyranone (2)* cyclo-(l-Phe-l-Leu1-l-Leu2 l-Leu3-l-Ile) (112) |
non-cytotoxic non-cytotoxic |
71 |
| unidentified fungus No. 2533 | Avicennia marina Forssk.(Acanthaceae); young leaf | glucose-beef-yeast extract medium (containing 5% sea water); 30 °C; 5–7 days | vermopyrone (3) avicennin A (32c) avicennin B (31e) 5-dechloroavicennin A (32a) 6,7-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-3-methylisocoumarin (32b) |
72 | |
| unidentified fungus No. 2534 | Kandelia candel (L.) Druce (Rhizophoraceae); dropper | ns | ergosterol (68) 5α,8α-epidioxyergosterol (69) 3β,8α,6β-trihydroxyergosta-7,22-diene (70) cyclo-(Phe-Phe) (110c) cyclo-(Leu-Tyr) (110d) guanidine 4-hydroxy-2-methoxyacetophenone protocatechuic acid methyl ester |
74 | |
| unidentified fungus E-3 | Prumnopitys andina (Endl.) Laubenf. (Podocarpaceae); phloem | PDA; 25 °C; 23 days | mellein (31a) p-hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)phenol |
antibacterial; antiviral; phytotoxic | 52 |
a
Only those reported during the period covered by this review are listed.
b
Taxonomic data are from reference(s) listed and/or from the NCBI Entrez Taxonomy database (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/), and ref. 103; ns = not specified.
c
For details of media used for cultivation, see reference(s) listed: CZ Met medium = glucose (20 g), NH4Cl (3 g), KH2PO4 (2 g), MgSO4 (2 g); FeSO4 7 H2O (0.2 g), yeast extract (2 g), malt extract (2 g), and peptone (2 g)/1000 mL H2O; GPY broth = glucose-peptone-yeast extract; GYT broth = glucose (5 g), peptone (1 g), yeast extract (0.5 g), beef extract (0.5 g), NaCl (3 g)/1000 mL H2O; ISP-2 broth = malt extract (10 g), yeast extract (4 g), glucose (4 g)/1000 mL H2O; KGA medium = Kim-Goepfert Agar medium; MEA medium = malt extract agar medium; MGP medium = malt extract/glucose/peptone medium; MM medium = Mineral Medium; Myro medium = 1.00% corn hull extract and MgSO4 (0.5 g/L); PDA = potato dextrose agar; PDB = potato-dextrose-broth; PSNB medium = potato-sucrose-neutral-broth; S-7 (liquid) medium = glucose (1 g), fructose (3 g), sucrose (6 g), NaOAc (1 g), soytone (1 g), thiamine (1 mg), biotin (1 mg), pyridoxal (1 mg), calcium pantothenate (1 mg), MgSO4 (3.6 mg), CaNO3 (6.5 mg), Cu(NO3)2 (1 mg), ZnSO4 (2.5 mg), MnCl2 (5 mg), FeCl3 (2 mg), phenylalanine (5 mg), sodium benzoate (100 mg), KH2PO4 (1 ml of 1M solution)/1000 mL H2O; SL medium = glucose (100 g), malt extract (0.4 g), yeast extract (0.4 g), NH4NO3 (0.4 g), KH2PO4 (0.4 g), MgSO4 7H2O (0.4 g)/1000 mL H20 (demineralized); YES medium = yeast extract-sucrose medium; YMG medium = yeast-malt extract-glucose medium; ns = not specified.
d
New natural products are indicated with an asterisk (*); claimed “artifacts” of isolation are given in [ ], however, see text.