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. 2012 Mar 24;35(4):327–334. doi: 10.1159/000337151

Table 2.

Risk Factors for acute kidney injury among HIV-infected veterans

Characteristic Hazard ratio (95% CI) p value
Age, years

  • <35 (lowest quartile)

 Reference –

  • 35–40

 1.03 (0.96–1.09) 0.448

  • 41–47

 1.02 (0.96–1.09) 0.499

  • ≥48 (highest quartile)

 0.96 (0.89–1.02) 0.174
Race

  • White

 Reference –

  • Black

 1.22 (1.14–1.29) <0.001
Hypertension 1.08 (1.02–1.15) 0.014
Diabetes 1.22 (1.13–1.31) <0.001
Dyslipidemia 0.88 (0.81–0.95) 0.001
Cardiovascular disease 1.77 (1.66–1.89) <0.001
Hepatitis C virus 1.33 (1.26–1.40) <0.001
CD4 count, cells/mm3

  • >500

 Reference –

  • 350–499

 1.09 (0.97–1.22) 0.135

  • 200–350

 1.29 (1.16–1.42) <0.001

  • 0–199

 2.54 (2.33–2.77) <0.001
Viral load, copies/ml

  • 0–499

 Reference –

  • 500–29,999

 1.09 (0.99–1.18) 0.077

  • 30,000–100,000

 1.55 (1.40–1.72) <0.001

  • ≥100,000

 2.51 (2.28–2.75) <0.001
Body mass index

  • <18.5

 1.69 (1.54–1.86) <0.001

  • 18.5–25.0

 Reference –

  • ≥25.0

 0.82 (0.77–0.88) <0.001
Albumin, mg/dl

  • ≥4.3 (highest quartile)

 Reference –

  • 4.0–4.3

 1.30 (1.17–1.44) <0.001

  • 3.7–4.0

 1.75 (1.59–1.94) <0.001

  • <3.7 (lowest quartile)

 5.24 (4.82–5.71) <0.001
eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 5.38 (5.11–5.67) <0.001
Proteinuria 1.78 (1.70–1.87) <0.001

Multivariate model includes factors with a p value <0.05 in univariate analysis. All factors in table 1 were evaluated as candidate predictors. All estimates are adjusted for receipt of antiretroviral therapy.