Table 3.

Risk factors for dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury among HIV-infected veterans, stratified by antiretroviral treatment era

Characteristic	1986–1995		1996–2006
	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95 % CI)	p value
Age, years
<35 (lowest quartile)	Reference	–	Reference	–
35–40	1.28 (0.91–1.81)	0.160	1.43 (0.98–2.10)	0.067
41–47	1.07 (0.73–1.56)	0.742	1.39 (0.96–2.02)	0.082
≥48 (highest quartile)	0.76 (0.49–1.16)	0.204	1.40 (0.97–2.02)	0.071
Race
White	Reference	–	Reference	–
Black	4.89 (2.08–11.48)	<0.001	1.69 (1.31–2.18)	<0.001
Hypertension	–	–	1.85 (1.44–2.36)	<0.001
Diabetes	3.60 (2.30–5.63)	<0.001	1.38 (1.06–1.80)	0.015
Cardiovascular disease	1.53 (0.80–2.94)	0.197	1.93 (1.52–2.45)	<0.001
Hepatitis C virus	2.87 (1.66–4.96)	<0.001	1.37 (1.09–1.72)	0.007
CD4 count, cells/mm3
>500	Reference	–	Reference	–
350–499	5.40 (1.16–25.03)	0.031	0.96 (0.56–1.66)	0.890
200–350	4.44 (0.97–20.34)	0.055	1.93 (1.23–3.00)	0.004
0–199	7.12 (1.73–29.36)	0.007	4.21 (2.85–6.20)	<0.001
Viral load, copies/ml
0–499	Reference	–	Reference	–
500–29,999	–	–	1.09 (0.80–1.49)	0.569
30,000–100,000	–	–	1.23 (0.83–1.82)	0.305
≥100,000	–	–	2.22 (1.57–3.15)	<0.001
Body mass index
<18.5	1.30 (0.27–6.14)	0.743	1.21 (0.79–1.85)	0.375
18.5–25.0	Reference	–	Reference	–
≥25.0	2.07 (0.75–5.72)	0.163	0.73 (0.57–0.94)	0.013
Albumin, mg/dl
≥4.3 (highest quartile)	Reference	–	Reference	–
4.0–4.3	0.63 (0.10–3.76)	0.609	3.74 (1.05–13.25)	0.041
3.7–4.0	1.71 (0.42–6.86)	0.451	4.44 (1.29–15.26)	0.018
<3.7 (lowest quartile)	5.50 (1.67–18.07)	0.005	15.68 (4.95–49.71)	<0.001
eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2	15.12 (8.56–26.73)	<0.001	18.87 (13.07–27.22)	<0.001
Proteinuria	5.25 (2.60–10.62)	<0.001	4.16 (2.59–6.69)	<0.001

Multivariate model includes factors with a p value <0.05 in univariate analysis. All factors in table 1 were evaluated as candidate predictors. All estimates are adjusted for receipt of antiretroviral therapy.