Table II.
Relationship between Dkk-3 protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics.
| Parameters | Dkk-3 expression | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dkk-3 (+) (N=76) | Dkk-3 (−) (N=14) | p-value | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 52 (68.4%) | 11 (78.6%) | 0.338 |
| Female | 24 (31.6%) | 3 (21.4%) | |
| Age | |||
| <65 | 24 (31.6%) | 4 (28.6%) | 1.000 |
| ≥65 | 52 (68.4%) | 10 (71.4%) | |
| Smokinga | |||
| Yes | 37 (77.1%) | 7 (58.3%) | 0.170 |
| No | 11 (22.9%) | 5 (41.7%) | |
| Alcohol consumptiona | |||
| Yes | 31 (64.6%) | 7 (58.3%) | 0.466 |
| No | 17 (35.4%) | 5 (41.7%) | |
| TNM stage | |||
| I–II | 28 (36.8%) | 8 (57.1%) | 0.154 |
| III–IV | 48 (63.2%) | 6 (42.9%) | |
| T stage | |||
| T1–T2 | 40 (52.6%) | 9 (64.3%) | 0.421 |
| T3–T4 | 36 (47.4%) | 5 (35.7%) | |
| N stage | |||
| N (−) | 40 (52.6%) | 9 (64.3%) | 0.421 |
| N (+) | 36 (47.4%) | 5 (35.7%) | |
| Differentiation | |||
| Well | 43 (56.6%) | 10 (71.4%) | 0.299 |
| Moderate-poor | 33 (43.6%) | 4 (28.6%) | |
| Radiation therapya | |||
| Yes | 22 (29.7%) | 5 (35.7%) | 0.438 |
| No | 52 (70.3%) | 9 (64.3%) | |
| Chemotherapya | |||
| Yes | 21 (28.0%) | 7 (50.0%) | 0.097 |
| No | 54 (72.0) | 7 (50.0%) | |
| Previous cancer historya | |||
| Yes | 18 (25.0%) | 5 (35.7%) | 0.300 |
| No | 54 (75.0%) | 9 (64.3%) | |
a
Tumors with unknown situation for smoking (N=28), alcohol consumption (N=28), radiation therapy (N=2), chemotherapy (N=1) and previous cancer history (N=3) were not included in the evaluation.