Table 3.

Young's Modulus of Human Tendons and Ligaments. Young's Modulus = stress/strain = (F/A)/(ΔL/L _o).

Tendon or ligament	Young's modulus (MPa)	Reference
Gracilis	612.8	Butler et al. [119]
Semitendinous	362.2	Butler et al. [119]
Patellar	1090	Hansen et al. [120]
Lateral collateral ligament	350–400	Butler et al. [121]
Posterior cruciate ligament	300–400	Butler et al. [121]
Anterior cruciate ligament	300–350	Butler et al. [121]
Tibialis Anterior	1200	Maganaris and Paul [122]
Infraspinatus	527	Halder et al. [123]
Teres minor	14	Halder et al. [123]
Gastrocnemius tendon	1160	Maganaris et al. [123, 124]