Table 4.

Direct costs for dry eye per year in the survey (Japanese yen)

Types of costs	Annual costs (mean ± SD, range)
Clinical costs	16,318 ± 9961 (range 2864–53,084)
Drug costs	32,000 ± 21,675 (range 4816–135,944)
Costs for punctal plugs	4149 ± 17,876 (range 0–152,320)
Mean direct cost per patient	52,467 ± 38,052 (range 7680–294,858)

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.