Table 1.
Overview of scoring systems and algorithms derived from civilian datasets
| Score | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABC [28] | TASH [29, 30] | PWH [31] | Vandromme [32] | Wade [38] | Moore [39] | Baker [40] | ETS [41, 42] | Individual transfusion triggers [43] | ||
| Design | retrospective | retrospective | retrospective | retrospective | retrospective | retrospective | retrospective | retrospective/ prospective | retrospective | |
| Number of patients | 596 | 6,044 [29] | 1,891* | 514 | 838 | 383 | 654** | 1,103 (re) [41] | 170 | |
| 5,834 [30] | 481 (pro) [42] | |||||||||
| Setting | civilian, single center, non-weighted, dichotomous | civilian, multicenter, weighted | civilian, single center, weighted | civilian, single center, non-weighted, sum predictors | civilian, multicenter, prediction formula | civilian, multicenter, prediction formula | civilian, multicenter, non-weighted, sum risk factors | civilian, single center, weighted | civilian, single center, individual triggers | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | ≤90 | <100 <120 | ≤90 | <110 | into formula | min SBP in 1st hour | <90 | <90 | <90 | |
| <120 | 90-120 | |||||||||
| Heart rate, bpm | ≥120 | >120 | ≥120 | >105 | into formula | >120 | ||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | <7 to <12 (5 ranges) | ≥7 | ≥11 | <11 | ||||||
| 7.1-10 | ||||||||||
| Hematocrit, % | into formula | |||||||||
| Base excess, mmol/1 | <-10 to- <-2 (3 ranges) | |||||||||
| Base deficit, mmol/1 | >5 | ≤6 | ||||||||
| Lactate, mmol/1 | ≤5 | |||||||||
| Temperature, <C | <35.5 | |||||||||
| INR | >1.5 | >1.5 | ||||||||
| PH | into formula | min pH in 1st hour | ||||||||
| FAST | positive | positive | positive | positive | ||||||
| ISS | ISS | |||||||||
| < 25 = 1 points into formula | ||||||||||
| Mechanism / type of injury | penetrating | high risk injury# | traffic accident, fall < 3 m | |||||||
| GCS | ≤8 | >9 | ||||||||
| Pelvic/extremity fracture | positive | positive (pelvic) | positive (pelvic) | |||||||
| Gender | male | |||||||||
| Age, years | 20-60, <60 | |||||||||
| Direct admission | positive | |||||||||
BD = Base deficit; ER = emergency room; FAST = focused assessment for the sonography of trauma; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; INR = international normalized ratio; ISS = Injury Severity Score; NPV = negative predictive value; PPV = positive predictive value.
*
95% of patients Chinese origin.
**
Large Hispanic and indigent population.
#
High risk injury = trauma to the ventral chest between the midclavicular lines, abdominal injury with diffuse tenderness, survival of a vehicular crash in which another occupant died, vehicular ejection, or penetrating torso injury.