Table 1. Characteristics of case–control studies include in meta-analysis of renal cell cancer.
| First author, country (reference) | Study period | Age (years) | Alcohol assessment | Unit of alcohol | Top vs bottom | Outcome/endpoint | No. of cases | No. of controls or cohort size | Study quality a | Potential confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wynder, USA (Wynder et al, 1974) | 1965–1973 | MF: 20–79, range | Interview | Unit per day | Total alcohol M: ⩾7 unit per day vs none-occasional F: ⩾3 unit per day vs none-occasional | Incidence of kidney adenocarcinoma | M: 129 F: 73 | M: 256 F: 138 | 6 | Age, sex, race, hospital, time of interview |
| McLaughlin, USA (McLaughlin et al, 1984) | 1974–1979 | M: 62, mean F: 66, mean | Interview | Bottles per week | Beer M: ⩾20 bottles per week vs never F: ⩾20 bottles per week vs never | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 307 F: 180 | M: 428 F: 268 | 6 | Age, cigarette smoking, BMI, phenacetin use, ethnicity, kidney infection, kidney stones, coffee, tea, beer and meat consumption, exposure to petroleum, tar, and pitch products |
| Goodman, USA (Goodman et al, 1986) | 1977–1983 | MF: 20–80, range | Interview | N/A | Total alcohol M: ever vs never F: ever vs never | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 182 F: 76 | M: 182 F: 76 | 6.5 | Age, sex, race, hospital, time of admission |
| Brownson, USA (Brownson, 1988) | 1984–1986 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Total alcohol M: ever drank vs never drank F: ever drank vs never drank | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 205 F: 121 | M: 615 F: 363 | 4.5 | Age, smoking, sex |
| Asal, USA (Asal et al, 1988) | 1981–1984 | MF: ⩾50 was >70% in controls | Interview | Wine: glasses per week Liquor: N/A | Wine M: >4 glasses per week vs never F: >3 glasses per week vs never Liquor M: use vs non-use | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 209 F: 106 | Hospital M: 208 Hospital F: 105 Population M: 195 Population F: 141 | 6 | Age, sex, race, hospital time of interview, weight |
| Maclure, USA (Maclure and Willett, 1990) | 1976–1983 | MF: ⩾30 | Interview | Cups per day | Beer, wine, and liquor MF: high intake (⩾2 cups per day) vs low intake (⩽1cup per week) | Incidence of renal adenocarcinoma | M: 135 F: 68 | M: 401 F: 204 | 4.5 | Age, sex, precinct of residence, smoking, energy |
| Benhamou, France (Benhamou et al, 1993) | 1987–1991 | Case M: 61.7, mean Case F: 61.3, mean Control M: 62.8, mean Control F: 62.5, mean | Questionnaire | g per day | Total alcohol M: high vs low F: high vs low | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 138 F: 58 | M: 235 F: 112 | 5 | Age, sex, hospital and interviewer |
| Kreiger, Canada (Kreiger et al, 1993) | 1986–1987 | MF: 25–69, range | Questionnaire | N/A | Total alcohol M: high vs low F: high vs low | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 252 F: 167 | M: 543 F: 592 | 5.5 | Age, sex, geographic region of residence, active cigarette smoking status, BMI |
| Hiatt, USA (Hiatt et al, 1994) | 1964–1989 | Case: 50.7, mean | N/A | N/A | Total alcohol M: ever vs never F: ever vs never | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 165 F: 87 | M: 166 F: 88 | 5 | Gender, year of multiphasic health check-up (MHC), age at MHC±1 year |
| Muscat, USA (Muscat et al, 1995) | 1977–1993 | Case M: 58.7, mean Case F: 59.3, mean Control M: 58.2, mean Control F: 59.4, mean | Questionnaire | Oz per day | Beer M: >7 oz per day vs never/occasionally F: ⩾1 oz per day vs never/occasionally Wine M: >4 oz per day vs never/occasionally F: >4 oz per day vs never/occasionally Liquor M: ⩾7 oz per day vs never/occasionally F: ⩾1 oz per day vs never/occasionally | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 543 F: 245 | M: 476 F: 244 | 7 | Age, education, and years of smoking, race, year of diagnosis |
| Wolk, Australia, Denmark, Sweden, and USA (Wolk et al, 1996)b | 1989–1991 | Case M: 62, mean Case F: 63, mean Control M: 62, mean Control F: 63, mean | Interviews | Total alcohol: drinks per week Beer, wine, and liquor: glasses per week | Total alcohol M: ⩾15 drinks per week vs <1 drinks per week F: ⩾10 drinks per week vs <1 drinks per week Beer M: ⩾6.3 glasses per week vs none F: ⩾1.3 glasses per week vs none Wine M: ⩾1.3 glasses per week vs none F: ⩾3.0 glasses per week vs none Liquor M: ⩾5.5 glasses per week vs none F: ⩾3.0 glasses per week vs none | Incidence of renal cell cancer | M: 698 F: 487 | M: 915 F: 611 | 6 | Age, sex, study centre, BMI, smoking, total calories |
| Boeing, Germany (Boeing et al, 1997) | 1989–1991 | N/A | Interview | N/A | Total alcohol, beer, wine, and liquor MF: highest vs none | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 185 F: 92 | M: 192 F: 94 | 7 | Age, gender, educational status, tobacco smoking |
| Yuan, USA (Yuan et al, 1998) | 1986–1994 | MF: 25–74, range | Questionnaire | Drinks per week | Total alcohol MF: ⩾43 drinks per week vs none | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | MF: 1203 | MF: 1201 | 6 | Sex, date of birth (within 5 years), ethnicity, neighbourhood of residence, education and BMI, history of hypertension, number of cigarettes per day, current smoking status, total grams of analgesics consumed over lifetime, regular use of amphetamines |
| Parker, USA (Parker et al, 2002) | 1986–1989 | Case: 68, mean Control: 64, mean | FFQ | Total alcohol: g per week Beer: 12-ounce can per week Wine: 8-ounce glass per week Liquor: 1-ounce shot per week | Total alcohol M: >35 g per week vs none F: >35 g per week vs none Beer M: >1 vs non-drinker of beer F: >1 vs non-drinker of beer Wine M: >0.5 vs non-drinker of wine F: >0.5 vs non-drinker of wine Liquor M: >1 vs non-drinker of liquor F: >1 vs non-drinker of liquor | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 261 F: 145 | M: 1598 F: 831 | 6 | Age, pack-years of smoking, history of hypertension, history of bladder infection, family history of kidney cancer, exercise, consumption of red meat, consumption of fruit (men) Age, pack-years of smoking, history of hypertension, BMI, family history of kidney cancer, consumption of red meat, fruit and vegetables (women) |
| Mattioli, Italy (Mattioli et al, 2002) | 1987–1994 | All | Questionnaire | g per day | Total alcohol M: >48 g per day vs 0 g per day F: >12 g per day vs 0 g per day | Incidence of renal cell cancer | M: 165 F: 52 | M: 165 F: 52 | 7 | Age, gender, birthplace, residence, BMI, smoking, consumption of coffee, phenacetin and/or of diuretics, and meat |
| Hsu, Russia, Romania, Poland, and Czech Republic (Hsu et al, 2007) | 1999–2003 | MF: 20–79, range | FFQ | g per week | Total alcohol MF: ⩾137.5 g per week vs none Beer MF: ⩾49.0 g per week vs none Wine MF: ⩾23.0 g per week vs none Liquor MF: ⩾157.0 g per week vs none | Incidence of kidney cancer | M: 622 F: 443 | M: 973 F: 536 | 7 | Age, country, gender, tobacco pack–years of smoking, education, BMI, hypertension medication use, and tertiles of total vegetable, total white meat, and red meat consumption |
| Greving, Sweden (Greving et al, 2007) | 1996–1998 | MF: 20–79, range Case: 64.3, mean Control: 64.4, mean | Questionnaire | Total alcohol: g per month Beer, wine, and liquor: glasses per month | Total alcohol MF: >620 g per month vs non-users alcohol Strong beer MF: >8 glasses per month vs non-user strong beer Strong wine MF: >2 glasses per month vs non-user strong wine Liquor MF: >9 glasses per month vs non-user liquor | Incidence of renal cell cancer | MF: 855 | MF: 1204 | 6 | Age, sex, BMI, cigarette smoking, the other six beverages |
| Pelucchi, Italia (Pelucchi et al, 2008) | 1985–2004 | MF: 22–79, range | Interview | Total alcohol, and wine: drinks per day Beer, and liquor: N/A | Total alcohol MF: >8 drinks per day vs non-drinkers Beer MF: drinkers vs non-drinkers Wine MF: >8 drinks per day vs non-drinkers liquor MF: drinkers vs non-drinkers | Incidence of renal cell cancer | M: 730 F: 385 | M: 1741 F: 841 | 7 | Age, sex, study, study centre, education, smoking habits, BMI, family history of renal cancer |
| Hu, Canada (Hu et al, 2008) | 1994–1997 | MF: 20–76, range | FFQ | g per day | Total alcohol M: ⩾30 g per day vs non-drinkers F: ⩾20 g per day vs non-drinkers Beer, wine, and liquor M: >10.68 g per day vs non-drinkers F: >6 g per day vs non-drinkers | Incidence of renal cell carcinoma | M: 617 F: 521 | M: 2547 F: 2492 | 5 | Age, province, education, BMI, total consumption meat, total consumption of vegetables and fruit, pack-years of smoking |
| Benedetti, Canada (Benedetti et al, 2009) | Early 1980s | Case: 58.3 mean age | Interview | Drinks per week | Total alcohol M: ⩾7 drinks per week vs never drinkers | Incidence of kidney cancer | M: 156 | M: 507 | 6.5 | Age, smoking status, cigarette-year, respondent status, ethnicity, census tract income, years of schooling, and time since quitting |
Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; F=women; FFQ=food frequency questionnaire; M=men; MF=men and women; N/A: not available.
a
Study quality was judged based on the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (range, 1–9 stars).
b
Multiple studies included.