Table 3.
Ethnic differences in nutritional composition of children’s diets: South Asians compared with white Europeans*
(Mean differences or percentage differences and 95% confidence intervals)
| South Asian |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Asian subgroups |
||||||||||
| All South Asian (n 558; 264 boys) |
Indian (n 137; 73 boys) |
Pakistani (n 210; 100 boys) |
Bangladeshi (n 175; 75 boys) |
|||||||
| Mean difference |
95% CI |
P (no difference)* |
Mean difference |
95% CI | Mean difference |
95% CI | Mean difference |
95% CI |
P (no difference between South Asian subgroups |
|
| Energy (kJ) | 408 | 147, 669 | 0·002 | 204 | −202, 610 | 559 | 205, 913 | 482 | 104, 859 | 0·25 |
| Energy (kcal) | 97 | 35, 159 | 0·002 | 48 | −49, 145 | 133 | 49, 218 | 115 | 25, 205 | 0·25 |
| Fat (g) | 6·1 | 2·8, 9·4 | <0·001 | 2·7 | −2·4, 7·9 | 7·6 | 3·1, 12·0 | 8·5 | 3·8, 13·3 | 0·10 |
| Fat (% energy) | 1·0 | 0·2, 1·8 | 0·01 | 0·4 | −0·8, 1·7 | 1·0 | −0·1, 2·1 | 1·8 | 0·6, 2·9 | 0·23 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 0·1 | −1·3, 1·5 | 0·85 | −0·1 | −2·3, 2·1 | 1·4 | −0·5, 3·3 | −0·9 | −3·0, 1·1 | 0·17 |
| Saturated fat (% energy) | −0·6 | −1·0, −0·1 | 0·01 | −0·3 | −0·9, 0·4 | −0·3 | −0·8, 0·3 | −1·2 | −1·8, −0·6 | 0·03 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 1·8 | 0·6, 3·0 | 0·003 | −0·3 | −2·1, 1·6 | 1·9 | 0·3, 3·5 | 4·2 | 2·4, 5·9 | <0·001 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% energy) | 0·2 | −0·1, 0·6 | 0·19 | −0·4 | −0·9, 0·2 | 0·0 | −0·5, 0·5 | 1·2 | 0·7, 1·7 | <0·0001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 3·0 | 2·1, 4·0 | <0·0001 | 2·1 | 0·6, 3·6 | 2·7 | 1·4, 4·0 | 4·5 | 3·1, 5·9 | 0·02 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | 1·1 | 0·7, 1·5 | <0·0001 | 0·8 | 0·2, 1·4 | 0·8 | 0·2, 1·3 | 1·8 | 1·2, 2·3 | 0·01 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 6·1 | −2·7, 14·9 | 0·17 | 6·9 | −6·7, 20·6 | 10·4 | −1·5, 22·3 | 2·0 | −10·7, 14·7 | 0·61 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | −1·2 | −2·1, −0·4 | 0·005 | 0·3 | −1·0, 1·6 | −1·3 | −2·5, −0·2 | −2·5 | −3·8, −1·3 | 0·003 |
| Sugars (g) | −14·9 | −20·5, −9·2 | <0·0001 | −14·9 | −23·7, −6·1 | −5·8 | −13·5, 1·9 | −24·5 | −32·7, −16·3 | <0·001 |
| Sugars (% energy) | −4·0 | −4·9, −3·1 | <0·0001 | −3·3 | −4·7, −2·0 | −2·6 | −3·8, −1·5 | −6·2 | −7·5, −4·9 | <0·0001 |
| Starch, dextrins (g) | 20·7 | 15·2, 26·1 | <0·0001 | 21·5 | 13·1, 30·0 | 16·1 | 8·7, 23·5 | 25·9 | 18·1, 33·8 | 0·09 |
| Starch, dextrins (% energy) | 2·8 | 2·0, 3·6 | <0·0001 | 3·6 | 2·4, 4·8 | 1·4 | 0·4, 2·5 | 3·6 | 2·4, 4·7 | <0·001 |
| Total NSP (g) | 1·1 | 0·5, 1·7 | <0·001 | 3·7 | 2·8, 4·6 | 1·5 | 0·7, 2·3 | −1·3 | −2·2, −0·5 | <0·0001 |
| Protein (g) | 8·3 | 5·8, 10·9 | <0·0001 | 1·3 | −2·6, 5·2 | 9·6 | 6·2, 13·0 | 13·7 | 10·0, 17·3 | <0·0001 |
| Protein (% energy) | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·3 | <0·0001 | −0·4 | −1·0, 0·3 | 1·0 | 0·4, 1·5 | 1·9 | 1·3, 2·5 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg)† | 3·6 | −5·8, 13·9 | 0·47 | −7·0 | −19·7, 7·8 | 16·4 | 2·3, 32·4 | 1·0 | −12·0, 15·9 | 0·03 |
| Folate (μg)† | −4·2 | −9·1, 1·1 | 0·12 | 0·1 | −7·8, 8·7 | −1·6 | −8·4, 5·8 | −10·6 | −17·2, −3·4 | 0·05 |
| Vitamin C (mg)† | −13·2 | −21·6, −3·8 | 0·01 | −6·0 | −19·7, 10·1 | −10·6 | −22·2, 2·6 | −21·7 | −32·4, −9·2 | 0·12 |
| Vitamin D (μg)† | −29·9 | −37·8, −21·1 | <0·0001 | −29·9 | −41·7, −15·7 | −25·9 | −36·9, −12·9 | −36·8 | −46·8, −25·0 | 0·29 |
| Ca (mg)† | −5·8 | −11·0, −0·3 | 0·04 | 1·6 | −6·8, 10·8 | 2·1 | −5·3, 10·1 | −18·8 | −25·1, 212·0 | <0·0001 |
| Fe (mg)† | 7·4 | 2·7, 12·4 | 0·002 | 10·4 | 2·9, 18·5 | 8·8 | 2·4, 15·7 | 4·2 | −2·4, 11·2 | 0·37 |
| Haem Fe (mg)† | −19·6 | −36·8, 2·1 | 0·07 | −71·7 | −80·4, −59·3 | −12·2 | −36·4, 21·3 | −3·8 | 8·9, 117·0 | <0·0001 |
*
Differences (South Asian minus white European in all cases) are adjusted for age in quartiles, sex, day of week, month, interviewer and school (random effect). Thirty-six South Asians could not be classified specifically as Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi and are therefore omitted from South Asian subgroup analysis.
†
Percentage difference.