Table 4.
Ethnic differences in nutritional composition of children’s diets: black African-Caribbeans compared with white Europeans*
(Mean differences or percentage differences and 95% confidence intervals)
| Black African-Caribbean |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black African-Caribbean subgroups |
||||||||
| All black (n 560; 261 boys) |
Black African (n 309; 136 boys) |
Black Caribbean (n 210; 105 boys) |
||||||
| Mean difference | 95% CI | P (no difference)* | Mean difference | 95% CI | Mean difference | 95% CI |
P (no difference between black subgroups) |
|
| Energy (kJ) | 31 | −217, 279 | 0·81 | 76 | −217, 369 | 25 | −307, 358 | 0·73 |
| Energy (kcal) | 7 | −52, 66 | 0·82 | 17 | −53, 87 | 6 | −74, 85 | 0·74 |
| Fat (g) | −1·9 | −5·0, 1·3 | 0·24 | −2·8 | −6·5, 0·9 | −0·5 | −4·7, 3·7 | 0·34 |
| Fat (% energy) | −1·3 | −2·1, −0·5 | <0·001 | −2·0 | −2·9, −1·1 | −0·6 | −1·6, 0·4 | 0·01 |
| Saturated fat (g) | −2·1 | −3·5, −0·8 | 0·002 | −2·7 | −4·3, −1·1 | −1·3 | −3·1, 0·5 | 0·17 |
| Saturated fat (% energy) | −1·2 | −1·6, −0·8 | <0·0001 | −1·5 | −2·0, −1·0 | −0·8 | −1·4, −0·3 | 0·02 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | −0·5 | −1·7, 0·6 | 0·37 | −0·9 | −2·2, 0·5 | 0·0 | −1·5, 1·5 | 0·31 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% energy) | −0·3 | −0·7, 0·0 | 0·07 | −0·5 | −0·9, −0·1 | −0·1 | −0·5, 0·4 | 0·07 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 0·5 | −0·5, 1·4 | 0·32 | 0·4 | −0·7, 1·4 | 0·4 | −0·8, 1·6 | 0·95 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% energy) | 0·1 | −0·2, 0·5 | 0·54 | 0·0 | −0·4, 0·4 | 0·1 | −0·4, 0·6 | 0·58 |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 4·0 | −4·4, 12·3 | 0·35 | 9·2 | −0·6, 19·0 | −0·2 | −11·3, 11·0 | 0·11 |
| Carbohydrate (% energy) | 0·8 | 0·0, 1·7 | 0·05 | 1·6 | 0·7, 2·6 | 0·0 | −1·1, 1·1 | 0·01 |
| Sugars (g) | −4·1 | −9·4, 1·3 | 0·14 | −4·1 | −10·4, 2·2 | −4·2 | −11·4, 2·9 | 0·93 |
| Sugars (% energy) | −0·9 | −1·7, −0·1 | 0·04 | −1·0 | −2·0, 0·0 | −0·9 | −2·0, 0·2 | 0·92 |
| Starch, dextrins (g) | 7·4 | 2·2, 12·6 | 0·01 | 12·6 | 6·5, 18·7 | 3·8 | −3·1, 10·7 | 0·02 |
| Starch, dextrins (% energy) | 1·6 | 0·9, 2·3 | <0·0001 | 2·5 | 1·6, 3·3 | 0·8 | −0·1, 1·8 | 0·003 |
| Total NSP (g) | −0·8 | −1·4, −0·3 | 0·004 | −0·7 | −1·3, −0·1 | −0·8 | −1·5, 0·0 | 0·90 |
| Protein (g) | 2·9 | 0·5, 5·3 | 0·02 | 3·1 | 0·3, 5·9 | 3·0 | −0·2, 6·2 | 0·91 |
| Protein (% energy) | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·0 | 0·003 | 0·5 | 0·1, 1·0 | 0·6 | 0·1, 1·1 | 0·85 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg)† | 9·7 | 0·2, 20·1 | 0·04 | 14·4 | 2·9, 27·3 | 5·9 | −6·1, 19·5 | 0·21 |
| Folate (μg)† | −2·2 | −7·0, 2·9 | 0·39 | 3·6 | −2·4, 9·9 | −5·9 | −12·0, 0·6 | 0·01 |
| Vitamin C (mg)† | 0·9 | −8·3, 11·1 | 0·85 | 1·5 | −9·4, 13·7 | 1·2 | −11·1, 15·1 | 0·96 |
| Vitamin D (μg)† | −12·1 | −21·5, −1·6 | 0·03 | −14·2 | −24·9, −2·1 | −9·4 | −22·1, 5·3 | 0·53 |
| Ca (mg)† | −6·6 | −11·4, −1·5 | 0·012 | −4·1 | −9·9, 2·1 | −8·0 | −14·3, −1·3 | 0·29 |
| Fe (mg)† | −1·2 | −5·3, 3·2 | 0·59 | 2·0 | −3·0, 7·4 | −3·2 | −8·6, 2·6 | 0·09 |
| Haem Fe (mg)† | 32·0 | 5·5, 65·1 | 0·015 | 22·8 | −5·4, 59·3 | 52·1 | 13·1, 104·5 | 0·22 |
*
Differences (black African-Caribbean minus white European in all cases) are adjusted for age in quartiles, sex, day of week, month, interviewer and school (random effect). Forty-one black African-Caribbeans could not be classified specifically as black African or black Caribbean and are therefore omitted from black African-Caribbean subgroup analysis.
†
Percentage difference.