Table 3.

Overview of Tests Completed by Each Participant.

Participant	No motor constant load VOL	No motor constant load FES	No motor incremental load VOL	No motor incremental load FES	Motor constant load VOL	Motor constant load FES	Motor incremental load VOL	Other cycling trials completed
1			×	×				No motor constant load with FES alternating on:off in 1 minute increments
2	×	×
3	×				×	×
4					×	×	×	No motor-Brief trial without FES assistance

Participants are listed by row with “×” corresponding to each test a given subject completed. “No motor” refers to cycling tests without the use of the auxiliary hub motor to control cadence, while the hub motor was used in the “Motor” tests. VOL refers to tests without the use of FES assistance. FES refers to tests in which FES was applied. For the tests in which FES was applied, stimulation was applied at 33 Hz, 40 mA. Pulse width ranged from 90 to 200 μsec and corresponded to the participant-specific pulse width required to elicit a motor level contraction. Participants 1 and 2 used cadence as feedback on cycling performance, while participants 3 and 4 used power output for feedback due to requiring the use of the auxiliary hub motor (please see text for details).