Table 2.
Neuromorphological and electrophysiological alterations DS and DS mouse models.
| Trisomy | Hsa21 | Segment of Mmu16 | Segment of Mmu17 | Segment of Mmu10 | Segment of Mmu16, Mmu17, and Mmu10 | Hsa21 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DS | Dp(16)1Yey/+ | Ts65Dn | Ts2Cje | Ts1Cje | Ms1Ts65 | Ts1Rhr | Dep(17)1Yey/+ | Ts1Yah | Dp(10)1Yey/+ | Dp(10)1Yey/+; Dp(16)1Yey/+; Dep(17)1Yey/+ Yu et al., 2010 | Tc1 | |
| Brain volume | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced during the embryonic period | Reduced during the embryonic period | Reduced | Reduced at 4 months of age | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Neuronal density | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced | Not affected | ||||||||
|
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| Cerebellar volume | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced | Not affected | Reduced | Reduced | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Cerebellar neuronal density | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced | Reduced | ||||||||
|
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| Neurogenesis | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation | (i) Impaired neural precursor proliferation | ||||||||
| (ii) Slowing of the cell cycle | (ii) Slowing of the cell cycle | (ii) Impaired neurodifferentiation | ||||||||||
| (iii) Impaired neurodifferentiation | (iii) Impaired neurodifferentiation | (iii) Impaired cerebellar neurogenesis | ||||||||||
| (iv) Impaired cerebellar neurogenesis | (iv) Impaired cerebellar neurogenesis | |||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Dendrites and dendritic spines | (i) Impaired morphology | (i) Impaired morphology | (i) Impaired morphology | (i) Impaired morphology | (i) Impaired morphology | |||||||
| (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density | (ii) Reduced density | ||||||||
|
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| Synaptic density | (i) Reduced | (i) Size of presynaptic boutons and average length of synaptic clefts are increased | ||||||||||
| (ii) Size of presynaptic boutons and average length of synaptic clefts are increased | ||||||||||||
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| Inhibition | (i) Increased number of inhibitory synapses | (i) Redistribution of inhibitory synapses | ||||||||||
| (ii) Decreased number of excitatory synapses | ||||||||||||
| (iii) Redistribution of inhibitory synapses | ||||||||||||
| (iv) Increased number of GABAergic interneurons | ||||||||||||
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| Electrophysiology | (i) EEG abnormalities | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | (i) Enhanced hippocampal LTP | (i) Unchanged LTP | (i) Impaired hippocampal LTP | ||||
| (ii) EEG coherence differences | ||||||||||||
| (iii) Alterations in event-related potentials | ||||||||||||