Table 2. Bivariate associations with HIV status.
| Sample estimates | Population estimates | ||||
| HIV− (%) | HIV+ (%) | Odds ratio | 95% CI | p | |
| Age (years) | |||||
| 18–24 | 137 (95.8) | 6 (4.2) | Ref | - | - |
| 25+ | 117 (77.5) | 34 (22.5) | 5.69 | 2.02–16.02 | 0.001 |
| Circumcision status | |||||
| Uncircumcised | 131 (87.3) | 19 (12.7) | Ref | - | - |
| Circumcised | 123 (85.4) | 21 (14.6) | 0.84 | 0.35–2.01 | 0.690 |
| No. years in school | |||||
| 0–6 | 64 (90.1) | 7 (9.9) | Ref | - | - |
| 7+ | 185 (85.3) | 32 (14.7) | 1.55 | 0.56–4.34 | 0.401 |
| Religion | |||||
| Catholic | 105 (85.4) | 18 (14.6) | Ref | - | - |
| Protestant | 63 (87.5) | 9 (12.5) | 1.18 | 0.37–3.78 | 0.775 |
| Moslem | 36 (80.0) | 9 (20.0) | 1.06 | 0.37–3.04 | 0.912 |
| Other religion | 37 (90.2) | 4 (9.8) | 0.38 | 0.10–1.47 | 0.161 |
| None | 11 (100) | 0 (0) | - | - | - |
| Occupation | |||||
| Student | 50 (96.2) | 2 (3.8) | Ref | - | - |
| Unemployed | 43 (87.8) | 6 (12.2) | 2.42 | 0.42–13.99 | 0.322 |
| Employed | 158 (83.2) | 32 (16.8) | 4.03 | 0.86–18.87 | 0.077 |
| Marital status (with women) | |||||
| Never married | 168 (86.6) | 26 (13.4) | Ref | - | - |
| Married | 53 (94.6) | 3 (5.4) | 0.21 | 0.06–0.80 | 0.021 |
| Previously married | 32 (74.4) | 11 (25.6) | 2.78 | 0.88–8.77 | 0.081 |
| Alcohol consumption past 30 days | |||||
| None | 81 (94.2) | 5 (5.8) | Ref | - | - |
| Less than once a week | 22 (91.7) | 2 (8.3) | 0.71 | 0.09–5.26 | 0.734 |
| At least once a week | 108 (85.0) | 19 (15.0) | 1.45 | 0.48–4.37 | 0.504 |
| About every day | 40 (75.5) | 13 (24.5) | 4.72 | 1.24–17.96 | 0.023 |
| Illict drug consumption | |||||
| Never | 174 (82.9) | 36 (17.1) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 80 (95.2) | 4 (4.8) | 0.14 | 0.04–0.54 | 0.004 |
| Ever injected drugs | |||||
| Never | 223 (85.1) | 39 (14.9) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 31 (96.9) | 1 (3.1) | 0.08 | 0.01–0.60 | 0.014 |
| Condom use | |||||
| Never | 67 (88.2) | 9 (11.8) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 179 (86.1) | 29 (13.9) | 2.00 | 0.75–5.32 | 0.167 |
| Condom use (for sex acts in last 3 months) | |||||
| >66% | 91 (86.7) | 14 (13.3) | Ref | - | - |
| 33%–66% | 50 (84.8) | 9 (15.2) | 2.28 | 0.71–7.36 | 0.167 |
| <33% | 98 (88.3) | 13 (11.7) | 0.59 | 0.23–1.53 | 0.281 |
| Lubricant use | |||||
| Ever | 190 (84.1) | 36 (15.9) | Ref | - | - |
| Never | 55 (96.5) | 2 (3.5) | 0.12 | 0.02–0.67 | 0.015 |
| Ever sex with women | |||||
| Never | 55 (79.7) | 14 (20.3) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 199 (88.4) | 26 (11.6) | 0.65 | 0.26–1.61 | 0.354 |
| History of blackmail | |||||
| Never | 116 (92.1) | 10 (7.9) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 74 (84.1) | 14 (15.9) | 1.76 | 0.55–5.61 | 0.339 |
| History of homophobic abuse | |||||
| Never | 156 (93.4) | 11 (6.6) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 88 (76.5) | 27 (23.5) | 6.41 | 2.52–16.35 | <0.001 |
| History of rape | |||||
| Never | 172 (86.4) | 27 (13.6) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 73 (86.9) | 11 (13.1) | 0.85 | 0.34–2.11 | 0.722 |
| Type of anal sex (last 3 months) | |||||
| Mostly insertive | 110 (90.9) | 11 (9.1) | Ref | - | - |
| Equally insertive & receptive | 58 (82.9) | 12 (17.1) | 1.17 | 0.35–3.89 | 0.797 |
| Mostly receptive | 63 (82.9) | 13 (17.1) | 1.64 | 0.49–5.44 | 0.419 |
| Selling sex | |||||
| Never | 133 (85.8) | 22 (14.2) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 113 (87.6) | 16 (12.4) | 1.42 | 0.56–3.61 | 0.463 |
| Buying sex | |||||
| Never | 123 (86.6) | 19 (13.4) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 110 (89.4) | 13 (10.6) | 0.91 | 0.38–2.21 | 0.842 |
| No. sex partners in last 6 months | |||||
| < = 10 partners | 109 (81.9) | 24 (18.1) | Ref | - | - |
| 11–24 partners | 51 (89.5) | 6 (10.5) | 1.01 | 0.25–4.12 | 0.986 |
| > = 25 partners | 80 (91.9) | 7 (8.1) | 0.60 | 0.21–1.70 | 0.336 |
| No. life time sex partners | |||||
| < = 10 partners | 63 (84.0) | 12 (16.0) | Ref | - | - |
| 11–24 partners | 60 (89.5) | 7 (10.5) | 0.68 | 0.21–2.17 | 0.512 |
| > = 25 partners | 104 (86.7) | 16 (13.3) | 1.26 | 0.42–3.73 | 0.681 |
| STD symptoms (last 12 months) | |||||
| No | 118 (91.5) | 11 (8.5) | Ref | - | - |
| Yes | 117 (81.8) | 26 (18.2) | 3.06 | 1.19–7.86 | 0.02 |
| Treponema pallidum (syphilis) | |||||
| Negative | 233 (87.6) | 33 (12.4) | Ref | - | - |
| Positive | 21 (75.0) | 7 (25.0) | 2.56 | 0.79–8.25 | 0.115 |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | |||||
| Negative | 245 (86.6) | 38 (13.4) | Ref | - | - |
| Positive | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 3.07 | 0.45–20.80 | 0.25 |
| Neisseria gonorrhoea | |||||
| Negative | 241 (86.4) | 38 (13.6) | Ref | - | - |
| Positive | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | 1.77 | 0.30–10.32 | 0.527 |
| HIV testing history | |||||
| Never | 138 (88.5) | 18 (11.5) | Ref | - | - |
| Ever | 108 (84.4) | 20 (15.6) | 1.30 | 0.50–3.34 | 0.588 |
| No. sex partners in the last 6 months | |||||
| < = 10 partners | 109 (81.9) | 24 (18.1) | Ref | - | - |
| 11–24 partners | 51 (89.5) | 6 (10.5) | 1.01 | 0.25–4.12 | 0.986 |
| > = 25 partners | 80 (91.9) | 7 (8.1) | 0.60 | 0.21–1.70 | 0.336 |
| Sexual orientation | |||||
| Gay/homosexual | 138 (83.6) | 27 (16.4) | Ref | - | - |
| Bisexual | 102 (90.3) | 11 (9.7) | 0.56 | 0.23–1.35 | 0.194 |
| Heterosexual | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | 2.98 | 0.44–20.2 | 0.263 |
| Sexual attraction | |||||
| Mostly/only to men | 173 (83.6) | 34 (16.4) | Ref | - | - |
| Equally to men and women | 36 (94.7) | 2 (5.3) | 0.26 | 0.05–1.30 | 0.101 |
| Mostly/only to women | 44 (93.6) | 3 (6.4) | 0.30 | 0.08–1.15 | 0.080 |