Table 1. Demographic, psychiatric and circadian data for patients with stage 1b (n=28) and 2+ (n=16) affective disorders.
| Stage 1b, mean (s.d.) | Stage 2+, mean (s.d.) | t-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 20.5 (4.3) | 23.2 (4.7) | −2.2* |
| Sex, male/femalea | 15/13 | 8/8 | 0.2 |
| Hamilton Depression Rating scale | 12.9 (6.5) | 14.1 (8.3) | −0.5 |
| Education, years | 12.6 (2.7) | 12.6 (2.8) | −0.4 |
| Beck Depression Inventoryb | 18.0 (8.6) | 24.8 (11.1) | −2.1* |
| Trailmaking Part A, z-scoreb | −0.0 (1.2) | 0.2 (0.7) | −0.7 |
| Trailmaking Part B, z-scoreb | −0.3 (1.9) | −0.4 (1.2) | 0.3 |
| RAVLT-encoding | 0.27 (1.3) | −0.48 (1.4) | 1.7 |
| Epworth Sleepiness scale | 6.4 (3.7) | 7.1 (4.1) | −0.6 |
| Habitual sleep onset, time | 00:34 (01:27) | 23:56 (01:12) | 1.4 |
| AUC, total sampledb | 142.3 (85.7) | 69.3 (60.4) | 2.7** |
| AUC, 2 h before HSOb | 51.5 (38.8) | 20.3 (22.0) | 3.3** |
| AUC, 2 h after HSOb | 85.2 (62.4) | 42.1 (36.5) | 2.8* |
| DLMO, time | 21:43 (01:41) | 22:23 (01:37) | −1.2 |
| Phase angle, min | 169.08 (98.0) | 90.0 (94.2) | 2.4* |
| KSS−3 | 5.6 (2.1) | 6.8 (1.6) | −1.9 |
| KSS+1.5 | 7.8 (1.9) | 8.0 (1.4) | −0.4 |
Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; DLMO, dim light melatonin onset; KSS, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01.
All test statistics are Student's t-test unless otherwise specified; aThe χ2 test; bStudent's t-test with unequal variances assumed.
AUC for melatonin over the sampling period (total sample), and for 2 h before and after habitual sleep onset; KSS 3 h before habitual sleep onset (KSS−3), and 1.5 h after habitual sleep onset (KSS+1.5).
Note that DLMO data are missing for three patients in stage 1b and three patients in stage 2+ because of inability to detect melatonin within the sensitivity of the assay or not reaching the threshold as required by the algorithm.