Fig. 13.

The three signaling pathways transduce environmental signals from the cell membrane to the chromatin structure in epigenetic programming of the genome: 1) activation or inhibition of the chromatin epigenetic machinery by metabolites of these substrates; 2) activation of nuclear receptors by ligands; and 3) traditional membrane receptor signaling cascades. [Reprinted from A. Gabory et al.: Mol Cell Endocrinol 304:8–18, 2009 (378), with permission from Elsevier.]