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. 2012 Jan 1;6(1):35–48. doi: 10.4161/fly.19249

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Copyright © 2012 Landes Bioscience

This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.

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graphic file with name fly-6-35-g2.jpg — Figure 2. (A–C) Schematic representation of adult central brain cells reported to be serotonergic, dopaminergic or octopaminergic. Cholinergic cells were reported to be widespread throughout the entire brain making it difficult to present a schematic overview.¹⁴⁰^-¹⁴³ PB, protocerebral bridge; FB, fan-shaped body; EB, ellipsoid body; NO, noduli; MB, mushroom bodies; P, mushroom body peduncle; CA, mushroom body calyx; AL, antennal lobe; SOG, subesophageal ganglion; LC, lobula complex; ME, medulla; LA, lamina. (A) Serotonergic cells. LLP1, posterior lateral protocerebrum; LP2a, between the medulla and the lateral protocerebrum; LP2b, between the medulla and the lateral protocerebrum; DP, dorsal protocerebrum; SP1, posterior to superior median protocerebrum; SP2, posterior median protocerebrum; IP, posterior inferior median protocerebrum; PLP, posterior lateral protocerebrum; SLP, superior lateral protocerebrum; AMP, anterior median protocerebrum; ALP, anterior lateral protocerebrum; AVP, anterior ventral protocerebrum; PAL, posterior to antennal lobe; DLS, dorsal lateral subesophageal ganglion; AS, anterior subesophageal ganglion; SE1, lateral subesophageal ganglion; SE2, anterior lateral subesophageal ganglion; SE3, most ventral subesophageal ganglion.¹⁴⁴^-¹⁴⁶ (B) Dopaminergic cells. PAM, dorsomedial anterior protocerebral; PAL, dorsolateral anterior protocerebral; PPM, dorsomedial posterior protocerebral; PPL1, dorsolateral posterior protocerebral; PPL2, lateral posterior protocerebral; PPD, protocerebral posterial dorsal; T1, tritocerebrum; VUM, ventral unpaired medial neurons.⁷⁶^,¹⁴⁷^,¹⁴⁸ (C) Octopaminergic cells (nomenclature according to Sinakevitch and Strausfeld, 2006; nomenclature between brackets according to Monastirioti et al., 1995). Cluster G0a, Cluster G0b (LP, lateral protocerebrum cell), Cluster G1 (DMC, dorsal medial cluster), Cluster G2a (~DAC, dorsal anterior cluster?), Cluster G2b (~DAC, dorsal anterior cluster?), Cluster G3a (AL, antennal lobe cluster), Cluster G3b, Cluster G4a (DPC, dorsal posterior cluster), Cluster G4b (DPC, dorsal posterior cluster), Cluster G5a, Cluster G5b,c, Cluster G6, VUM, Ventral unpaired median neurons 1–3 (SM, subesophageal medial). (D-F) Diagrams representing the biosynthetic pathways of acetylcholine and the monoaminergic neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine and octopamine. (D) Serotonin synthesis. TPH, Tryptophan hydroxylase; DDC, DOPA decarboxylase. (E) Dopamine/octopamine synthesis. TH, Tyrosine hydroxylase; TDC, Tyrosine decarboxylase; DDC, DOPA decarboxylase; TβH, Dopamine β hydroxylase (F) Acetylcholine synthesis. ChAT, Choline acetyltransferase