Table 1.

Definition of variables

Variable	Definition
Outcome Variables
Migration to three competing   locations	Whether respondent migrates in month t + 1: migrates within Chitwan = 1, migrates to other districts = 2, migrates to other countries=3, or doesn’t migrate at all in month t + 1 = 0.
Migration to two competing   locations	Whether respondent migrates in month t + 1: migrates within Chitwan = 1, migrates to other districts or other countries = 2, or doesn’t migrate at all in month t + 1.
Proximate Causes
Standardized index of violence	Derived through factor analysis using six indicators of violence: number of bomb blasts, number of casualties from bomb blasts, and number of casualties from major incidents of violence.a All variables are measured for Chitwan and the surrounding districts separately.
Root Causes
Physical capital
Owns farmland	1 if respondent’s household owns farmland, 0 otherwise.
Standardized index of    household amenities	Derived through factor analysis using data on the materials used to build the floor and roof of the respondent’s house; and whether household has a toilet, access to own drinking water source, and electricity.
Standardized index of goods    owned	Derived through factor analysis using data on durables owned by the household: a radio, TV, bicycle, motorcycle, cart, tractor, pumpset, and biogas plant.
Standardized index of    livestock owned	Derived through factor analysis using data on number of chicken, pigeons, bullocks, buffalo, cows, sheep, goats, and pigs owned by the household.
Human capital
Education	Number of years of schooling completed by the respondent.
Salary job	1 if respondent holds a salary job, 0 otherwise.
Age	Respondent’s age, monthly event.
Age squared	Respondent’s age squared, monthly event.
Intervening Factors
Social capital
House member migrated    within Chitwan	If any member from the respondent’s household migrated within Chitwan in 1996, 0 otherwise.
House member migrated to    other districts	If any member from the respondent’s household migrated to other districts in 1996, 0 otherwise.
House member an    international migrant	If any member from the respondent’s household migrated to other countries in 1996, 0 otherwise.
Demographic Variables
Female	1 if respondent is a female, 0 otherwise.
Married	1 if respondent was ever married, 0 otherwise, monthly event.
Number of household   members	Number of people in the household as of 1996.
Ethnicity
Hindu upper caste	1 if Hindu upper caste, 0 otherwise.
Hindu lower caste	1 if Hindu lower caste, 0 otherwise.
Hill Tibeto-Burmese	1 if Hill Tibeto-Burmese caste, 0 otherwise.
Newar and other	1 if Newar or other caste, 0 otherwise.
Terai Tibeto-Burmese	1 if Terai Tibeto-Burmese caste, 0 otherwise.

Note: All variables except monthly events were measured in 1996

^aIncidents of violence between government and Maoist forces such as major clashes, major attacks by either party, and major landmine explosions resulting in more than two casualties